Western Society and Eastern Europe in the Decades of the Cold War

1. Western Society and Eastern Europe in the Decades of the Cold War 32

2. Figure 32.1 This 1958 Russian poster depicts a woman shielding her eyes from the light of a mushroom cloud and holding her hand up in a universal gesture of opposition. The lettering says "No!" The palm trees make clear that the reference is to testing in the Pacific. Why might the Soviets, who had themselves done aboveground nuclear testing, publish such a poster?

3. Chapter Overview • After World War II: A New International Setting for the West • The Resurgence of Western Europe • Cold War Allies: The United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand

4. Chapter Overview • Culture and Society in the West • Eastern Europe After World War II: A Soviet Empire • Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions

5. TIMELINE 1940 C.E. to 2000 C.E.

6. After World War II: A New International Setting for the West • Europe and Its Colonies • Most colonies abandoned • Hostility • Force necessary • Force eschewed • Vietnam • French forced out, 1954

7. After World War II: A New International Setting for the West • Europe and Its Colonies • Algeria • Independence, 1962 • Egypt • Britain, France attack • U.S., Russia force them to withdraw

8. After World War II: A New International Setting for the West • The Cold War • Eastern bloc formed • Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany • United States • Harry Truman • Iron curtain • Marshall Plan, 1947

9. After World War II: A New International Setting for the West • The Cold War • Germany • Allies rebuild, from 1946 • Russian blockade, 1947 • American airlift • Split, 1948 • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 • Warsaw Pact

10. Map 32.1 Soviet and Eastern European Boundaries by 1948The new communist empire was joined in the Warsaw Pact, formed to respond to the West's North Atlantic Treaty Organization (itself formed in response to a perceived communist threat).

11. Map 32.2 Germany After World War II Initial divisions of Germany and Berlin into occupied zones turned into a division between western and Soviet regimes.

12. The Resurgence of Western Europe • The Spread of Liberal Democracy • Christian Democrats • Social reform • Federal Republic of Germany • France • Fifth Republic, 1958 • Portugal, Spain • Democratic, parliamentary systems

13. The Resurgence of Western Europe • The Welfare State • Western Europe • United States, later Canada • Unemployment insurance • Medicine • Housing • Family assistance • Technocrat

14. Figure 32.2 This poster, published by the British Ministry of Health during the 1950s, was intended to increase public awareness of good health practices. Campaigns like these were part of a major shift in thinking about the role of government in Western societies: After World War II, most western European nations established "welfare states," intended to provide social services and economic assistance for citizens "from the cradle to the grave."

15. The Resurgence of Western Europe • New Challenges to Political Stability • Civil rights movement • Feminism, environmentalism • Green movement

16. Figure 32.3 The great civil rights rally drew more than 250,000 people to Washington, DC, in August 1963. The large numbers and high feelings expected at this rally caused much worry about civil unrest—liquor sales were suspended, thousands of troops were put on alert, police were brought in from other cities, and the public address system was set up so that government officials could shut it down if they thought it necessary—but the day was entirely peaceful.

17. The Resurgence of Western Europe • Toward Greater European Unity • European Economic Community, 1958 • European Union, or Common Market • Single currency, 2001 • Euro • European Community, 2002

18. Map 32.3 The European UnionThe Union, originally called the Common Market, expanded notably from its 1957 origins, particularly after the end of the cold war.

19. The United States and Western Europe: Convergence and Complexity • Identity in comparison • Somewhat shared popular culture • U.S. divergences • Relied more on free-market capitalism • Fewer governmental aids • More religious • Recent decades • Western Europe's strictly civilian goals • United States' military society

20. The Resurgence of Western Europe • Economic Expansion • Economic growth • High unemployment elsewhere • Workers into Europe, U.S.

21. Figure 32.4 In the United States, as well as in Japan and western Europe, advertisements increasingly tried to create the sense that a good life could be achieved by buying the right goods. Here, a new car was associated with a prosperous home, a loving family, and even happy pets.

22. Cold War Allies: The United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand • The Former Dominions • Canada • Welfare policies • French/English division • 1982, new constitution

23. Cold War Allies: The United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand • The Former Dominions • Australia, New Zealand • Defense pact with U.S., 1951 • Take part in Korean War • Australia supports U.S. in Vietnam • From 1970s, more independent

24. Cold War Allies: The United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand • The "U.S. Century"? • 1950s • Policy of containment against Soviet Union • Vietnam, 1960s • U.S. withdraws, 1975 • After cold war, U.S. as "the world's only superpower"

25. Culture and Society in the West • Social Structure • White-collar sector expands • Crime rates increase • Racism, anti-immigration conflict

26. Culture and Society in the West • The Women's Revolution • From the early 1950s • More education • Job opportunities • Access to divorce • Reproductive rights • New cracks in family stability

27. Visualizing the PastWomen at Work in France and the United States

28. Culture and Society in the West • The Women's Revolution • New feminism • Simone de Beauvoir • The Second Sex, 1949 • Betty Friedan • The Feminine Mystique

29. Figure 32.5 In Houston, in November 1977, the U.S. government sponsored a National Women's Conference. In order to symbolize the direct link between earlier American feminists and the women at the Conference, a torch was lit in Seneca Falls, New York—seat of the famous women's right convention of 1848—and carried 2600 miles by relay runners to Houston. In this photograph, feminist leaders accompany the torch and its three bearers on the last mile of the journey. Here, from left to right, are Susan B. Anthony II, Representative Bella Abzug, Sylvia Ortiz, Peggy Kokernot, and Michele Cearcy (the torch bearers), and Betty Friedan.

30. Culture and Society in the West • Western Culture • "Brain drain" to U.S. • Genetics, nuclear, space research • Pop art • Pablo Picasso

31. Culture and Society in the West • A Lively Popular Culture • Vitality in popular culture • Fashion • Television • Music • Changes in sexual culture

32. Eastern Europe After World War II: A Soviet Empire • The Soviet Union as Superpower • Expands in Pacific • Pacific Islands, North Korea • Influence via aid • Chinese, Vietnamese communism • Nationalists in Africa, Middle East, Asia • Cuba • Alliance

33. Eastern Europe After World War II: A Soviet Empire • The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe • Dominance of all but Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia • East Germans protest, 1953 • Suppressed • Berlin Wall, 1961 • To stop flight to west

34. Eastern Europe After World War II: A Soviet Empire • The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe • After 1956, death of Stalin • Hungary, Poland • Moderate regimes • Hungary crushed • Czechoslovakia • Liberal regime • Suppressed, 1968

35. Eastern Europe After World War II: A Soviet Empire • The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe • Poland • Army takes control, 1970s • Solidarity

36. Figure 32.6 As Soviet troops moved into Hungary to crush the revolt of 1956, freedom fighters in Budapest headed for the front with whatever weapons they could find. This truckload of supporters is being urged on by the crowd.

37. Eastern Europe After World War II: A Soviet Empire • Evolution of Domestic Policies • Cultural isolation

38. Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions • Orthodox Church • State control • Jews restricted • Party ideals dictate art • Literature retains vitality • Alexander Solzhenitsyn

39. Figure 32.7 Work incentives were a problem in collectivized agriculture. This 1947 poster was designed to spur Soviet farm workers to greater productivity. It proclaims, "Work hard and abundant bread will be your reward."

40. Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions • Economy and Society • Industrialization by 1950s • State control • De-Stalinization • Nikita Kruschev, 1956 • Attacks Stalinism • Followed by stagnation

41. Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions • De-Stalinization • Space, arms race • Rift with China, 1950s • Invasion of Afghanistan

42. Figure 32.8 This Soviet postcard proclaims, "Glory! The world's first group flight in space, August, 1962," and depicts cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich. ("CCCP" on the cosmonauts' helmets is Cyrillic lettering meaning "U.S.S.R.") Soviet advances in science and technology both surprised and threatened the United States and western Europe.

43. Figure 32.9 May Day in the Soviet Union was an occasion for massive military parades including troops, missiles, jets, and tanks, showcasing the country's military power, and for glorification of the state and its leaders, past and present. Enormous banners with portraits of Marx, Engels, and Lenin were stretched high over Red Square, suggesting the current leadership's connection with these giants. In this photo of the 1947 May Day parade, top Soviet leaders watch from reviewing stands in front of Lenin's tomb. Behind them is the wall of the Kremlin.