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HTML

HTML. IT Engineering I Instructor: Behrang Assemi tbassemi@gmail.com. What is HTML?. Hypertext Markup Language Hypertext :Text with links to other documents A key technology for the Web A simple language for specifying document structure and content " page description language "

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HTML

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  1. HTML IT Engineering I Instructor: Behrang Assemi tbassemi@gmail.com

  2. What is HTML? • HypertextMarkup Language • Hypertext:Text with links to other documents • A key technology for the Web • A simple language for specifying document structure and content • "page description language" • Derived from the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) language system

  3. What is Markup? • Markup languages have special elements that mark formatting or semantics • The marks are ASCII text "inserted" into the ASCII text representing document content • Unlike programming languages, data is primary • HTMLAn <emph>important</emph> concept • LaTeX An {\em important} concept

  4. HTML Markup(Tags) • Simple start tag: <TITLE> • Endtag: </TITLE> • Start tag with attributes:<bodybgcolor=white><bodybgcolor="white">

  5. Tag and Element syntax (2) • Tags are mostly case-insensitive • exception: some attribute values • End tags • element-name is preceded by a slash / • never have attributes

  6. Practicing HTML! • If you make a mistake in HTML… • you will not bomb or crash; your web page just won't look right. It is easy to correct the code. • What do you need? • A web browser • Internet Explorer • Mozilla FireFox • SeaMonkey • Opera • A text editor • Notepad • Notepad++ • UltraEdit

  7. HTML Structure • Minimal legal HTML document: <html> <head> <title> Test Document</title> </head> <body> <!– This is a comment Content goes here --> </body> </html>

  8. HTML has two parts • HEAD:Information about the document • TITLE: appears in title bar • META: description of your page <meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials on HTML"> • This meta element defines keywords for your page: <meta name="keywords" content="HTML,XML,JavaScript"> • Other <META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="NOINDEX, NOFOLLOW"> • BODY:visible content of document • For now: we ignore scripts and frames • Two kinds: • block structure • phrase structure

  9. First HTML Example 5 <!-- Fig. 4.1: main.html --> 6 <!-- Our first Web page --> 7 8 <html> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Welcome</title> 11 </head> 12 13 <body> 14 <p>Welcome to XHTML!</p> 15 </body> 16 </html>

  10. Headers/Headings • Headers/Headings • Six levels (H1… H6) <h1>Most major heading</h1> <h2>Next level heading</h2> <h3>Next level heading</h3> <h4>Next level heading</h4> <h5>Next level heading</h5> <h6>Least major heading</h6>

  11. Headers/Headings (example) 5 <!-- Fig. 4.4: header.html --> 6 <!-- XHTML headers --> 7 8 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Headers</title> 11 </head> 12 13 <body> 14 15 <h1>Level 1 Header</h1> 16 <h2>Level 2 header</h2> 17 <h3>Level 3 header</h3> 18 <h4>Level 4 header</h4> 19 <h5>Level 5 header</h5> 20 <h6>Level 6 header</h6> 21 22 </body> 23 </html>

  12. Linking • Anchor <a>: basis of hypertext links • defines a section of linkable material • <HREF>: URL of link target Example <a href="http://www.somewhere.com/#aTarget">A Link to Somewhere Else</a>

  13. 15 <h1>Here are my favorite sites</h1> 16 17 <p><strong>Click a name to go to that page.</strong></p> 18 19 <!-- Create four text hyperlinks --> 20 <p><a href = "http://www.deitel.com">Deitel</a></p> 21 22 <p><a href = "http://www.prenhall.com">Prentice Hall</a></p> 23 24 <p><a href = "http://www.yahoo.com">Yahoo!</a></p>

  14. 5 <!-- Fig. 4.6: contact.html --> 6 <!-- Adding email hyperlinks --> 7 8 <html> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Contact Page</title> 11 </head> 12 13 <body> 14 15 <p> 16 My email address is 17 <a href = "mailto:deitel@deitel.com"> 18 deitel@deitel.com 19 </a> 20 . Click the address and your browser will 21 open an e-mail message and address it to me. 22 </p> 23 </body> 24 </html>

  15. Lists • Lists • Simple lists all use "list items" <LI>(end optional) • Unordered lists <UL></UL> • Ordered lists <OL></OL> • Definition lists • Definition list <Dl></DL> • Definition term<DT> • Definition data <DD> Lists of all types may be nested -- Don’t forget the end tags!

  16. 5 <!-- Fig. 4.10: links2.html --> 6 <!-- Unordered list containing hyperlinks --> 7 8 <html> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Links</title> 11 </head> 12 13 <body> 14 15 <h1>Here are my favorite sites</h1> 16 17 <p><strong>Click on a name to go to that page.</strong></p> 18 19 <!-- create an unordered list --> 20 <ul> 21 22 <!-- add four list items --> 23 <li><a href = "http://www.deitel.com">Deitel</a></li> 24 25 <li><a href = "http://www.w3.org">W3C</a></li> 26 27 <li><a href = "http://www.yahoo.com">Yahoo!</a></li> 28 29 <li><a href = "http://www.cnn.com">CNN</a></li> 30 </ul> 31 </body> 32 </html>

  17. 5 <!-- Fig. 4.11: list.html --> 6 <!-- Advanced Lists: nested and ordered --> 7 8 <html> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Lists</title> 11 </head> 12 13 <body> 14 15 <h1>The Best Features of the Internet</h1> 16 17 <!-- create an unordered list --> 18 <ul> 19 <li>You can meet new people from countries around 20 the world.</li> 21 <li> 22 You have access to new media as it becomes public: 23

  18. 24 <!-- this starts a nested list, which uses a --> 25 <!-- modified bullet. The list ends when you --> 26 <!-- close the <ul> tag. --> 27 <ul> 28 <li>New games</li> 29 <li> 30 New applications 31 32 <!-- nested ordered list --> 33 <ol> 34 <li>For business</li> 35 <li>For pleasure</li> 36 </ol> 37 </li> 38 39 <li>Around the clock news</li> 40 <li>Search engines</li> 41 <li>Shopping</li> 42 <li> 43 Programming 44 45 <!-- another nested ordered list --> 46 <ol> 47 <li>XML</li> 48 <li>Java</li>

  19. 49 <li>XHTML</li> 50 <li>Scripts</li> 51 <li>New languages</li> 52 </ol> 53 54 </li> 55 56 </ul> <!-- ends the nested list of line 27 --> 57 </li> 58 59 <li>Links</li> 60 <li>Keeping in touch with old friends</li> 61 <li>It is the technology of the future!</li> 62 63 </ul> <!-- ends the unordered list of line 18 --> 64 65 </body> 66 </html>

  20. Block Structure • Paragraph: <p> (end optional) • <BR> forced line break • <HR> horizontal rule • <PRE> preformatted text • Preserves spaces and line breaks

  21. Presentation Phrase Structure • Whitespace is collapsed • Font changes • Bold<B> , italic<I> , Teletype text<TT> • <FONT> specifies font to use, deprecated • <font size="3" color="red">This is some text!</font><font size="1" color="blue">This is some text!</font><font face="arial" color="red">This is some text!</font> • Emphasis<EM>, <STRONG>, <CODE>, etc. • Subscripts <SUB> and superscripts <SUP> This is some text! This is some text! This is some text!

  22. Images • Images <IMG> • SRC attribute: URL of image • ALT attribute: alternative text Example: <IMG SRC="martian.gif"WIDTH=100 HEIGHT=100 ALT="Martian" >

  23. 5 <!-- Fig. 4.7: picture.html --> 6 <!-- Adding images with XHTML --> 7 8 <html> 9 <head> 10 <title>Internet and WWW How to Program - Welcome</title> 11 </head> 12 13 <body> 14 15 <p> 16 <imgsrc = "xmlhtp.jpg" height = "238" width = "183" 17 alt = "XML How to Program book cover" /> 18 <imgsrc = "jhtp.jpg" height = "238" width = "183" 19 alt = "Java How to Program book cover" /> 20 </p> 21 </body> 22 </html>

  24. Tables • <TABLE>: Intended for display of tabular data • Widely used for formatting control • <TR>: table row • <TD>: table data (individual cell data) • <TH>: Table Header cell in a table. usually bold.

  25. Frame Example (Cont’d)

  26. Framesets and Frames • display more than one Web page/HTML document in the same browser window. • The browser window is divided into multiple regions, or frames • Each frame displays a unique web page • Each frame is independent of the others

  27. Frame Example <HTML> <HEAD><title> The first frames page</title> </HEAD> <FRAMESET rows =20%,60%,20%><FRAMENAME = “myTopFrame" SRC="top.html"><FRAMENAME = “myMiddleFrame" SRC="middle.html"><FRAMENAME = “myBottomFrame" SRC="bottom.html"> </FRAMESET> </HTML>

  28. Frames (cont.) • FRAMESET elements define a collection of frames • A 2x2 grid. <FRAMESET rows="80%,20%"cols="20%,80%" > • Three columns: the second has a fixed width of 250 pixels (useful, for example, to hold an image with a known size). The first receives 25% of the remaining space and the third 75% of the remaining space. <FRAMESETcols="1*,250,3*"> ...the rest of the definition... </FRAMESET> • FRAME elements specify the source of each frame’s content • in left-to-right, top-to-bottom order

  29. More complex frames

  30. Linking in frames • Each frame may contain hyperlinks • Each hyperlink can be targeted to different frame or a new window • <a href="foo.html" target="myframe"> • _blank opens a new, unnamed window • _self opens the link in the current frame (default) • _top opens the link in the full, unframed browser window (throws you out of the frameset) • _parent opens the link in the immediate frameset parent (calling frame)

  31. Can you design Google page?

  32. ...HTML Forms • <form>: Just another kind of HTML tag • HTML forms are used to create (rather primitive) GUIs on the Web pages • Purpose: to ask the user for information to sent back to the server • A form is an area that can contain the form elements Example <form parameters> ...form elements... </form>

  33. HTML Forms • Form elements: buttons,checkboxes,textfields,radiobuttons,drop-downmenus. • A form usually contains a Submit button to send the information filled in the form elements to the server

  34. The <form> tag… • The<form arguments>...</form> tag encloses form elements (and probably other HTML tags as well) • The arguments of form tell what to do with the user input • action="url"(required) • Specifies where to send the data when theSubmitbutton is clicked

  35. ...The <form> tag • method="get"(default) • Form data is sent as a URL with?form_datainfo appended to the end • method="post" • Form data is sent in the body of the URL request

  36. The <form> tag • target="target" • where to open the page sent as a result of the request • target= _blank open in a new window • target= _topuse the same window

  37. Understanding data encoding • name/value pairs • reserved set of characters for separators • + for space • & for separating pairs • hexadecimal encoding first=Ali&last=Alavi&simple=Submit+Name

  38. Transporting data: GET method • GET • Simple, default method • Limit of 1024 chars for the URL • Only a limited information can be transmitted in this way. • Appends encoded data to the URL http://mysite.com/register.php?first=Ali&last=Alavi&simple=Submit+Name Searching IT Engineeing in google: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=IT+Engineering • Advantage: you can bookmark the form

  39. Transporting data: POST method • POST • The data is sent in the body of the http request. • Thus it can be as long as you want.

  40. The <input> tag • Most, but not all of the form elements • <input …>, • with a type="..."argument to tell which kind of element it is. • type can be text, checkbox, radio, password, hidden, submit, reset, button, file,or image • Other common input tag arguments include: • name: the name of the element • value: the "value" of the element

  41. Text, Textarea, password A text field: <input type="text"name="textfield"value="with an initial value"> A multi-line text field <textareaname="textarea" cols="24" rows="2">Hello</textarea> A password field: <inputtype="password"name="textfield3"value="secret">

  42. Buttons • A submit button:<inputtype="submit" name=“mysubmit" value="Submit"> • A reset button:<inputtype="reset" name=“myreset" value="Reset"> • A plain button:<inputtype="button" name=“mypushmebutton" value="Push Me">

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