Upcoming Events

1. Upcoming Events • T-Shirt Design • Des Moines Arts Festival

2. Craft of Research Week 5: Results, Figures, Presentations

3. Statistical Analysis/Results Review • Alpha level (p = 0.05) – Chance of making a type 1 error. • ANOVA’s – Tells whether or not the means are different (Group or Condition). • Correlation Analysis (Pearson’s r) – Degree to which too outcome measures are associated. • 95% Confidence Intervals – Interval in which the true population mean resides. • Effect Sizes – Magnitude of differences. Based on sample variability. • Power Analysis – How to figure out how many samples you need. Find means, standard deviations, effect sizes, within the literature. • Beta Level (b = 0.8) – Confidence that you will not make a type 2 error. • Sensitivity Analysis: The smallest effect size that one could detect with high probability given your sample size.

4. Ways To improve the Figure? • The diameter is proportional to the values. People perceive the area as proportional though. • The circles are coded to the legend above, why not just put the name of the disease on the circle. • The money raised and deaths should be side by side to make for easier comparison, or at least a line connecting them. • Round the numbers to nearest thousand.

5. How to Design Effective Figures • Design Figures for the Audience • What is the make-up of the audience (Specialized journal? Broader audience?) • Background knowledge of the audience (Academics? General population?) • Disciplinary specific conventions and norms. • Focus on the most important information • Identify the story you are trying to convey • Establish a specific message for reach figure. • Remove unnecessary detail.

6. How to Design Effective Figures • Structure should be clear • People read left-to-right and/or top-to-bottom • Not to much or too little detail • Use contrast wisely, but keep figures simple • Contrast can be used to highlight the most important information. • Larger, darker, and brighter elements are more noticeable • Avoid colors and shades that are too similar to one another. • Too much contrast can create visual noise • High contrast black and white can be more readable than color sometimes and are better for copying/printing. Color costs $$$ in academic journals.

7. How to Design Effective Figures • Create Legible and Readable Typographs • Maximize contrast between type and background. • Captions are not optional. • Message trumps beauty.

10. Tips for Presenting your Data

11. Get Rid of the Junk

12. Table 1: Linear Regression. Factors associated with time spent exercising (minutes/week).

13. Table 1: Linear Regression. Factors associated with time spent exercising (minutes/week).

14. Use Figures Instead of Tables When Possible

15. Shows number of participants responses coded as either not important, important, or very important as a determinant of exercise behavior for motivational factors

16. Figure 1: Shows percentage of participants responses coded as either not important, important, or very important as a determinant of exercise behavior for A) motivational factors

17. Don’t Mislead The Audience

19. Show Entire Range of Possible Scores

20. Give Context Clinical Diagnosis Level

21. Demonstrate Procedures

22. Digit Span Forward (Attention and Short Term Memory) and Backward (Working Memory) • Remember these digits and say them out loud after the disappear. 5,1,8,3,6 • Reverse the order of these digits and say them out loud after the disappear. 2,6,7,3,9

23. Inhibition • Inhibition or inhibitory control is the ability to inhibit or control automatic responses, and create responses by using attention mechanisms. • Look at the following words and say each word as quickly as you can: WHITE RED GREEN BROWN

24. Inhibition • Now look at the following words and say the color of the font, not what the word says, as quickly as you can. WHITE RED GREEN BROWN

25. Use Figures to Help Reduce Cognitive Demand

26. Inverted-U Principle Performance is the best at an optimal point (moderate arousal level) the further away from the optimal point the worse performance will get. Weinberg and Ragan (1978) • Also seen in: Dart Throwing, Soccer Kicks, Free Throw Shooting, Putting (Wilson, et al., 2009a; 2009b; Persons with PD are at an increased risk of having high anxiety levels and thus are at a greater risk of seeing degradation in skill performance under high levels of stress.

27. Or

28. How Does Stress Effect Performance?

29. How Does Stress Effect Performance?

30. How Does Stress Effect Performance? Stress pushes us out of our optimal arousal zone

31. Cater to the Audience

32. Attentional Control Theory Stress and anxiety impair top-down conscious goal-oriented processes, and increases the amount we use automatic bottom-up processes. (See Eysenck 2007 for review) Stress impairs • Attentional focus and increases distractibility. • Task-switching. • Working memory/attentional efficiency. • Negatively affects simple and complex working memory tasks • Prefrontal regions are more active despite worse performance.

33. Or

34. What does stress do in EVERYONE? • Stress impairs executive functioning • Stress impairs attentional focus. • Stress impairs working memory. • Stress impairs inhibition.

35. Use Animations To Help Tell The Story

36. Executive functioning and basal ganglia interactions. PD Compensation Attention is used to bypass automatic (basal ganglia controlled) movements. Or Automatic modes of motor control is inhibited by higher cortical centers. Or Combination of the two

37. Executive functioning and basal ganglia interactions. PD Compensation Attention is used to bypass automatic (basal ganglia controlled) movements. Or Automatic modes of motor control is inhibited by higher cortical centers. Or Combination of the two

38. How would stress impact the basal ganglia and Persons with PD? Attention is used to bypass automatic (basal ganglia controlled) movements. Or Automatic modes of motor control is inhibited by higher cortical centers. Or Combination of the two

39. Animations Can Also Be Used to Present Data

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