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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. 1400-1800. AN AGE OF EXPLORATION AND ISOLATION. Christopher Columbus. Chapter Objectives. Identify the factors that led to European exploration Describe how Portugal established a sea route to Asia and why

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 1400-1800 AN AGE OF EXPLORATION AND ISOLATION Christopher Columbus

  2. Chapter Objectives • Identify the factors that led to European exploration • Describe how Portugal established a sea route to Asia and why • Identify which nations set up trading empires in the East and where those nations dominated • Identify the successes of early Ming emperors in China • Describe Japanese society and culture during the Tokugawa Shogunate • Explain how Japan’s policies toward Europeans changed

  3. Section 1: Europeans Explore the East • Driven by the desire for wealth, land, and Christian converts, Europeans began an age of exploration • The Renaissance had encouraged a new spirit of adventure and curiosity • 1400 was not first time for exploration • 1100- Crusaders fight Muslims for Holy Lands in Southwest Asia • 1275- Marco Polo reached China

  4. “God, Glory, and Gold!” • Reasons for the Exploration 1. Seek greater wealth 2. Spread Christianity 3. Technological advances • Portugal led these sailing innovations • Prince Henry- founded navigation school with mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea captains • Started sailing down coast of Western Africa; set up trade ports • Wanted to find sea route to Asia

  5. In order to reach Asia, had to sail around southern tip of Africa • 1487- Bartolomeu Dias- 1st to round tip; battered by storm so returned home • 1498- Vasco da Gama- reached port of Calicut in India; returned with spices and silk; gave Portugal direct route to India • 1492- Spanish jealous so sent Christopher Columbus west to find a route to Asia across the Atlantic; landed on an island in the Caribbean • Increased tension between Spain and Portugal led to Treaty of Tordesillas and Line of Demarcation

  6. Struggle for Dominance 1500-1700s • England • France • Netherlands • Portugal • Spain • Each country created an East India Company • Wanted control of trade routes and therefore the goods and money that came with it

  7. Section 2: China Rejects European Outreach • Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 • Hongwu- drove Mongols out of China in 1368 • Became 1st Emperor of Ming Dynasty • Reformed agriculture, erased traces of Mongol past, increaed China’s power and prosperity, increased rice production, improved irrigation, encouraged fish farming and the growth of cotton and sugar cane • Return to Confucian moral standards; merit-based civil service • Yonglo- 1398- Hongwu’s son came to power; moved royal court to Beijing and launched Chinese explorers

  8. Zheng He- led Chinese explorations • Voyaged to Southeast Asia and India, Arabia, and eastern Africa • Increased China’s tribute system • 1433- China withdrew to isolation • China’s official trade policies reflected isolation • Only government could conduct foreign trade through 3 ports • Kept taxes low on agriculture but high on manufacturing and trade • As a result, merchants turned to smuggling to keep up with demand for Chinese silk and porcelain

  9. Qing Dynasty 1644 • Manchus from Manchuria invaded China; took over Beijing • Kangxi- 1661-1736 1st Emperor; reduced gov’t expenses; lowered taxes; favored arts and intellectuals • Qian-long- 1736-1795; brought China to it’s greatest size and prosperity; allowed Dutch traders but they had to pay tribute; Dutch took tea to the rest of the world • Population doubled to more than 300 million in 1800

  10. Section 3: Japan limits Western Contacts • In 1300s, the unity that Japan had achieved started to slip away because of fighting between shoguns • 1467- civil war broke out and centralized rule ended; power slipped away from the shogun to territorial lords in hundreds of separate domains • 1600- Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated rivals and became sole ruler • Unified Japan until 1867

  11. Tokugawa Society • Led to stability, prosperity, and isolation • Merchant classes flourished; rise of commercial centers • Culture also flourished- theatre (kabuki), poetry (haiku) • At first, welcomed outside merchants (Portuguese); interest in new technology and ideas (guns, clocks, tobacco) • Firearms (guns, cannons) changed Japan forever; had always used swords • Christian missionaries= spread the religions

  12. Closing off the Country • Tokugawa Ieyasu found aspects of Christian religion troubling- thought it led to revolts; persecuted Christian converts and made everyone demonstrate faithfulness to Buddhism • 1639- closed Japan’s borders from merchants and missionaries • Exception- Nagasaki open to Dutch and Chinese merchants • For more than 200 years, Japan remained basically closed to Europeans and continued to develop as a self-sufficient country

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