外科学绪论 Introduction of Surgery

外科学绪论Introduction of Surgery

一、现代外科学的发展Development of Modern Surgery • 解剖学 Anatomy John Hunter (1728-1793), the father of experimental surgery and a superb anatomist and teacher.

麻醉 Anesthesia Willam t.G. Morton (1819-1868), a Boston dentist whose successful demonstration of ether anesthesia on October 16, 1846, at the Massachusetts Gneeral Hospital was a landmark in the history of surgery

Joseph Lister (1827-1912), the originator of antiseptic surgery 3. 抗菌术 Antisepsis

输血 Blood transfusion Richard Lewisohn (1875-1961), a surgeon at the Mount Sinai Hospital, introduced the modern technique of blood transfusion, developed from his discovery of a method of preventing coagulation of the blood outside the body. Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943), one of the first scientists to study the physical processes of immunity. He is best known for his identification and characterization of the human blood groups, A, B, and O.

Innovators & Pioneers in Surgery Theodor Kocher (1841-1917), professor of surgery at the University of Berne and pioneer in the development of surgery of the thyoid. He received the Nobel Prize in 1909. Theodor Billroth (1829-1894), professor at the University of Vienna and pioneer abdominal surgeon, Billroth was one of the most influential teachers of his time.

John H. Gibbon (1903-1973), pioneer cardiothoracic surgeon who developed extracorporeal circulation. Alexis Carrel (1873-1944), an experimental surgeon interested in wound healing, tissue culture, organ transplantation, and blood vessel anastomosis. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1912.

傅培彬(1912-1989), 瑞金医院外科创始人

The role of SSMU in the development of surgery in China 1954 二尖瓣分离 Commissurotomy of mitral stenosis 1958 大面积灼伤 Severe Burn 1963 断肢再植 Replantation of cut limb 1977 肝移植 The 1st case of Liver transplantation 1978 心脏移植 The 1st case of Heart transplantation 1990s- 二医外科全面发展 • 灼伤外科、消化外科、胆胰外科 Burn surg, Digestive S., P. Biliary • 口腔外科、整形外科、小儿心脏外科 Stomatological S. Plastic S. Pediatric Cardio S.

二、外科学范畴Category of Surgery • 外科疾病分类 Classification of Surgical Diseases 1) 损伤Trauma — mechanical thermal chemical electrical…… 2) 感染Infection 3) 肿瘤Neoplasia Benign, Malignant 4) 畸形Anatomical abnormalities Congenital, Acquired

5) 内分泌功能失调Metabolic & Hormonal disorder 6) 梗塞与缺血Infarction & Ischamia 7) 其它Others 梗阻 Obstruction 寄生虫病 Parasite diseases 静脉曲张 Vein varicose

2. 外科专业发展Development of Surgical Specialties • 工作对象和性质实验外科 Eexperimental Surgery 临床外科 Clinical Surgery

2) 人体解剖系统 骨科 Arthrosteopedic surgery 颌面外科 Dentofacial surgery 心胸外科 Cardiothoracic surgery 泌尿外科 Urologic surgery 神经外科 Neurosurgery 普通外科 General surgery (腹部外科) Abdominal surgery

3) 性病性质 肿瘤外科 Neoplastic surgery 急症外科 Emergency surgery 创伤外科 Trauma surgery 烧伤外科 Burn surgery 4) 手术方式整复外科 Plastic surgery 显微外科 Microsurgery 移植外科 Transplantation 微创外科 Minimally invasive surgery

5) 年龄 小儿外科 Pediatric Surgery 成人外科 Adult Surgery 6) 专业妇科 Gynecology 耳鼻喉科 Otolaryngology 眼科 Ophthalmology

3. 外科总论与各论General Surgery & Special Surgery 外科学总论 General Surgery 各临床外科共同的专业基础基础医学与临床外科学的桥梁外科学各论 Special Surgery 论述各系统、各脏器外科疾病的病因、病理、诊断与治疗

● 外科分子生物学 Surgical molecular biology ● 外科免疫学 Surgical immunology ● 无菌术 Aseptic technique ● 外科水、电解质和酸碱平衡 Fluid and electrolyte management and acid-base balance ● 输血 Blood transfusion

●外科休克 Surgical shock ●外科营养 Surgical nutrition ●多器官功能障碍综合征 Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, MODS ●麻醉 Anesthesia ●外科重症监测治疗 Surgical intensive care

●心肺脑复苏 Brain-cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ●疼痛治疗 Pain management & Analgesia ●围手术期处理 Paraoperative management ●门诊外科 Outpatient surgery ●外科感染 Surgical infection ●肿瘤 Neoplasma

●创伤 Trauma ●烧伤与冷伤 Burns & Cold injury ●显微外科 Microsurgery ●器官移植 Organ transplantation ●组织工程 Tissue engineering ●腔镜外科 Laparoscopic & thorascopic surgery ●内镜外科 Endoscopic surgery ●外科介入治疗 Surgical intervention treatment

三、如何学习外科 How to learn surgery ●外科医师的职业道德 Moral Character ●理论联系实践 Theory and Practice ●外科基础 Basic theory Basic knowledge Basic technique

形象化的要求Some figure of speech about the basic demands Spunk of tiger — 胆大 Eyes of eagle — 眼明 Heart of mother — 心细 Hands of women — 手巧

学问 - Learn to find questions - Learn to ask questions - Learn to solve questions Books are you best teachers Library is your best school

结束语 Now, you may have a good start - why to learn - how to learn Well begun, half done. 良好的开端，成功的一半。目标已明，努力干吧！

外科学绪论 Introduction of Surgery