The Australian Seafood Diet for Intergenerational Health:

1. The Australian Seafood Diet for Intergenerational Health: Development of a healthy high Australian seafood diet that will be acceptable to women of child-bearing age Student: Lily Chan Principal Investigator: Lynne Cobiac Co-Investigator: Jocelyn Midgley Michelle Miller Campbell Thompson Collaborator: Robert Gibson Theme: Sellfish Theme Leader: Jayne Gallagher

2. Overview • Background • Objectives • Methodology and Timeline • Project Summary

3. Background Mix messages around fish consumption • Good for you and baby vs Potential contaminants (Fish = Finfish and shellfish, processed and unprocessed)

4. Background (Pros) Fish • Good source of macro and micronutrients • In particular high-quality protein, EPA, DHA, selenium, iodine • Generally lower in saturated fat

5. Background (Pros) Fish consumption • Reduced risk of total mortality, coronary heart disease mortality and stroke • 1-2 servings of fish/week reduces coronary death by 36% total mortality by 17% (Mozaffarian & Rimm 2006)

6. Background (Pros) Higher fish/fish oil intake during pregnancy was associated with • Longer gestation duration • Increased length of pregnancy by 2-3 days (Makrides et al 2006) • Better early child development • Cognition, behaviour, motor skills (Hibbeln et al 2007; Oken et al 2008)

7. Background (Cons) Potential contaminants in fish: • Methylmercury • Dioxins, dioxin-like compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PBCs) • Others (microbiological hazards, naturally occurring toxins, antimicrobials, allergens)

8. Background Food Standard Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) advice on SAFE consumption of fish: Pregnant women or women planning pregnancy: 2 to 3 serves/week of any fish or seafood except • Orange roughy or catfish (limit to 1 serve/week and no other fish that week) • Shark or Billfish (limit to 1 serve/fortnight and no other fish that fortnight) (1 serve = 150g)

9. Background Recommended dietary DHA intake for pregnant and lactating women: • At least 200mg/day • Can be achieved by consuming one to two portions of fish per week, including oily fish (European Commission consensus statement, Koletzko et al 2007)

10. Background Women 19-44 years (1995 National Nutrition Survey) Average intake of • Fish and seafood products & dishes = 21.2g per day (McLennan W & Podger 1999) • Total long-chain n3-fatty acids = 195mg per day (EPA:60mg DPA:52mg DHA:83mg) (Howe et al 2006)

11. Objectives • To formulate a healthy Australian seafood dietary pattern to achieve effective levels of n-3 fatty acids whilst maintaining low levels of contaminants in women of child-bearing age

12. Methodology Phase One: Determining compositional profiles of fish (nutrients & contaminants) • Identify and collate existing fish composition data applicable to the Australian environment • Conduct analyses

13. Methodology Phase Two: Computer dietary modelling Using a variety of unprocessed and processed fish products, formulate a diet that will • Achieve desirable levels of n-3 fatty acids and other nutrients needed for pregnancy • Maintaining low levels of contaminants “Seafood Diet”

14. Methodology Phase Three: Human Intervention Study • Randomised cross-over trial involving women of child-bearing age • Compare Seafood diet (high n-3 fatty acids/DHA) with a diet low in n-3 fatty acids/DHA

15. Methodology Phase Three: Human Intervention Study • Outcomes assessed: • Fish, n-3 fatty acids/DHA intakes; estimated exposures to mercury & PCBs • Fatty acids in red blood cells; Serum/plasma mercury, PCBs • Cardiovascular risk factors (blood pressure, lipid profile) • Inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, TGF-β, cytokines) • Acceptability of diet

16. Methodology Phase Four: • Revisit diet model • Explore interactions with other dietary components e.g. selenium, dietary fibre

18. Project Summary Formulation of a diet high in fish/seafood, that will • Achieve optimal levels of n-3 fatty acids/DHA as well as other nutrients • Maintain low levels of contaminants and • Acceptable to women of child-bearing age

19. “ This work formed part of a project of the Australian Seafood Cooperative Research Centre, and received funds from the Australian Government’s CRCs Programme, the Fisheries R&D Corporation and other CRC Participants”. AND Clear Water Marine Farms, Marine Scale Pilchard Fishermen’s Association and Southland Fish Supplies

20. Thank you!

21. References Hibbeln et al (2007), Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study, The Lancet, Vol 369, pp578-585. Howe P, Meyer B, Record S, Baghurst K. Dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: contribution of meat sources. Nutrition 2006; 22:47-53. Koletzko et al (2007), Consensus Statement Dietary fat intakes for pregnant and lactating women, British Journal of Nutrition, Vol 98, pp.873-877. McLennan W & Podger A (1999) National Nutrition Survey – Foods Eaten, Australia. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care Makrides M, Duley L, Olsen SF. Marine oil, and other prostaglandin precursor, supplementation for pregnancy uncomplicated by pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD003402. Mozaffarian & Rimm (2006) ‘Fish Intake, Contaminants, and Human Health’, JAMA Vol 296 No.15 pp1885-1899. Oken et al (2008), ‘Associations of maternal fish intake during pregnancy and breastfeeding duration with attainment of developmental milestones in early childhood: a study from the Danish National Birth Cohort, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 88, pp.789-796.