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蜂螫的處理

蜂螫的處理. 吳明玲醫師 臺北榮民總醫院內科部臨床毒物科. Case. 陳 XX, 47 y/o male 91 年 11 月 10 日 2:30pm 在南霸山 ( 海拔 400M) 整理農地時,遭受數百隻虎頭蜂 ( 黑腹 ) 攻擊 ( 蜂巢在樹上 ) ,送至鄰近 XX 醫院,身上大約 350 個蜂螫傷口腫脹痛 於 11pm 轉至北榮 ER ,到院時意識清楚,呼吸急促,手部腫脹, oliguria PS: 另一 61 y/o male, 約 26 個蜂螫傷口 , 腫脹痛. 11/11. 11/12. 11/13. 11/14. 11/15. 11/16.

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蜂螫的處理

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  1. 蜂螫的處理 吳明玲醫師 臺北榮民總醫院內科部臨床毒物科

  2. Case • 陳XX, 47 y/o male • 91年11月10日2:30pm在南霸山(海拔400M)整理農地時,遭受數百隻虎頭蜂(黑腹)攻擊(蜂巢在樹上),送至鄰近XX醫院,身上大約350個蜂螫傷口腫脹痛 • 於11pm轉至北榮ER,到院時意識清楚,呼吸急促,手部腫脹,oliguria • PS: 另一61 y/o male,約 26個蜂螫傷口,腫脹痛

  3. 11/11 11/12 11/13 11/14 11/15 11/16 11/17 Na 133 137 138 139 141 K 5.4 6.0 5.0 5.6 4.3 4.6 BUN 49 85 97 97 133 142 Cr 2.9 5.0 5.7 6.0 7.8 7.5 ALT 5700 2460 899 451 377 280 115 AST 11950 6121 2632 1140 740 478 155 Bil-T 14.9 23.18 27.54 32.91 35.56 34.35 Albumin 3.7 Amylase 950 387 Lipase 4938 252 LDH 9710 4387 1752 CK 2711 17669 16326 27438 6882 1451 CKMB 152 469 508 Biochemical Tests

  4. 11/11 11/12 11/13 11/14 11/15 11/16 11/17 Hb 15.6 12.2 11.3 9.2 7.2 6.3 6.6 Hct 42.6 28.9 MCV 91.9 87.6 Platelet 261000 98000 49000 24000 25000 16000 17000 WBC 18200 21200 25200 51900 36200 27500 Seg/Lym 89/8 79/9 76/6 87/5 87/6 89/2 88/5 Mono 1 2 7 1 Band 0 10 11 6 3 APTT >156/30 37.8/31.9 PT 13.2/12.1 16.2/12.1 13.4/12 Hematological Tests

  5. Active Problem • Acute renal failure • Acute hepatic failure • Acute pancreatitis • Acute hemolysis • Rhabdomyolysis • DIC

  6. 蜂毒成份 (胡蜂)

  7. 蜂毒成份 (蜜蜂)

  8. Toxicological Mechanism • Phospholipase A2 - hemolysin • Mast cell degranulating peptides- exist in honeybee venom (MCD peptide) and in vespid venom (mastoparan) • Hyaluronidase - disruption of the hyaluronic acid connective tissue matrix, allowing for spread of venom into tissue.

  9. Toxicological Mechanism Melittin (honeybee) • local pain, alters membrane integrity • cell surface-active agent direct hemolysin, platelets aggregation Apamin (honeybee) • profound effect on spinal cord function, causing hyperactivity, muscle spasms and seizures

  10. 毒理機轉 • 致死蛋白:為一種具有分解磷脂質活性的 phospholipase A1,對於血液具有溶血作用,並可引起腎衰竭、電解質異常,並進而致人於死。 • 組織腫脹的成份:主要為phospholipase A1, serotonin, protease, mastoparan。另外 histamine、prostaglandin E2, kinin 及其他 monoamine 也會有作用。

  11. Mechanism of Hypersensitivity • Antigenic substance: phospholipase、hyaluronidase、acid phosphatase (honeybee) 或 phospholipase A & B、hyaluronidase、antigen 5 (wasp). • IgE-medicated, sensitization (several days) • Late-onset allergic reaction: IgG and Ig E-medicated, onset several hours to 10 days

  12. Natural Immunity • When natural immunity to Hymenoptera venom develops, it is usually due to the development of large amounts of IgG antibodies which block the combination of venom antigen with IgE and prevents or lessens immunologic response

  13. 蜂的生活史 • 新蜂王大約從三至四月開始建立它的巢穴。 • 到了四,五月份蜂數增加到千餘隻。 • 到了九,十,十一月份時蜂群已增加到近萬隻,(此時蜂群較不穩定,一方面幼虫生產過多,食物需要量增大,但野外食物來源卻漸漸淢少,幼虫可能因發育不良而死亡,另一面有新蜂王產生,新勢力形成,使得蜂群的攻擊性變強,最容易產生螫人的情形發生) • 十一月下旬蜂數漸減。

  14. Clinical Manifestations

  15. CLINICAL EFFECTS • Nonallergic Local Reaction • Toxic Reaction • Hypersensitivity (Local, Systemic) • Late-onset allergic reactions

  16. Nonallergic Local Reaction • wheal, pain, irritation, itching, and redness • Symptoms generally resolve within a few hours. • Stings in the mouth or throat may be especially dangerous because local edema may cause respiratory obstruction. • Not IgE-mediated, a response to toxic and inflammatory venom components such as vasoactive amines and peptides.

  17. Toxic Reaction • Multiple stings (eg, more than 50 wasp stings) • S/S: edema, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, hypotension, seizures, unconsciousness, and renal failure. • Delayed toxic reactions are rare, but do occur: hemolysis, coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, rhabdomyolysis, liver dysfunction, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

  18. Hypersensitivity • Not dose-dependent • Risk factor: 1. short interval (less than 2 months) between the innocuous sting and the successive sting. 2. stings on the head and neck • Atopy does not increase the incidence of anaphylactic reaction although asthmatic patients have more severe reactions to stings than nonatopic patients

  19. Hypersensitivity Local allergic reaction • Extensive local swelling, often exceeding 10 cm, may persist for several days. • Large local reactions do not predict progression to systemic reactions. • The risk of eventual anaphylaxis in such individuals is only 5% to 10%, despite the presence of venom-specific IgE.

  20. Hypersensitivity • Systemic allergic reactions:may occur within 30 minutes of a sting • S/S: cutaneous (generalized urticaria, erythema, pruritus, and angioedema), respiratory (edema of the tongue, epiglottis, and larynx; bronchial constriction causing dyspnea, stridor, dysphagia, or wheezing), and/or vascular symptoms (cardiovascular collapse, hypotension, and loss of consciousness). • The cause of death is usually respiratory obstruction, cardiovascular collapse, or both.

  21. Hypersensitivity Systemic allergic reactions • Individuals who have had an anaphylactic reaction to an Hymenoptera sting have a 35% to 60% chance of developing anaphylaxis from subsequent stings by an identical insect.

  22. Late-onset Allergic Reactions • Occur several hours to as long as 10 days after a sting • Range from typical anaphylactic and serum sickness-like reactions: local swelling, urticaria, throat edema, generalized rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, swelling, and arthralgia. • These effects may be mediated by venom-specific IgG and venom-specific IgE

  23. CLINICAL EFFECTS Drug interaction • NSAID may increase sensitivity to bee stings • Beta-blockersmay increase the severity and duration of the anaphylactic response and interfere with the treatment and recovery from anaphylaxis because of their effect on beta-adrenergic receptors in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems • Calcium channel blockers- recurrent severe anaphylactic responses (triphasic)

  24. CLINICAL EFFECTS Idiosyncratic reaction • stress-induced myocardial infarctions in the elderly; • delayed neurologic reactions • reactions associated with unusual sting sites, such as the uvula and cornea.

  25. 治 療- 局部反應 1.移除蜂針:使用鈍面的刀片或尖頭的小鑷子沿著 皮膚表面刮去螫針或毒囊。 2.使用肥皂水或消毒水洗淨受傷部位之皮膚。 3.間斷冰敷以減輕腫脹、疼痛。休息並抬高患肢。 4.較厲害的可以給予止痛藥(如 NSAID、 demerol等)、及 antihistamine。 5.腫脹嚴重也可考慮使用 steroid。

  26. 治 療- 毒性反應 • 對於超過 20 隻蜂螫的病人,有必要住院觀察後續的併發症,包括休克,橫紋肌溶解症,溶血,甚至腎衰竭等。 • 必要時考慮血漿置換術或血液透析以移除毒素或治療腎衰竭。

  27. 治 療- 毒性反應 • 血漿置換術是移除毒素及治療腎衰竭的最佳方法,可以移除病人血中的破壞性毒素,包括中分子及高分子量物質以及組織破壞的代謝產物,如血紅素、肌紅素、尿素氮、肌酸酉甘及其它酵素等;也可經由所替換之新鮮血漿補充消耗之凝固因子及其它成份。 • 血液透析只能移除小分子量物質,對毒素的移除效果有限,因此在有腎衰竭時,可用於維持腎機能。

  28. 治 療- 過敏反應 (II) • 有休克者應立刻急救,而後住院觀察。 • 若未發生休克,但有較嚴重的過敏反應,包括哮喘,喉頸腫脹,呼吸困難等,也應再觀察 6~8 小時以上 • 發生嚴重過敏的人約有 20% 在後續的 6~8 小時內會再發生同樣的過敏症狀,也有少數人會延長到 24~48 小時發生,因此可能會有呼吸道阻塞或有過敏再發現象,應該住院觀察 24-48 小時。 • 使用類固醇可以減少過敏再發的情形。

  29. 治 療- 過敏反應 (I) • 治療原則為給予腎上腺素、抗組織胺、類固醇藥物等。 • 低血壓時應同時給予靜脈輸液。 • 全身性過敏反應積極給予epinephrine 1:1000 水溶液 0.01 ml/kg 皮下注射,每15分鐘可重覆給予。 • 嚴重休克者可給予 1:10000 epinephrine iv drip • 一般而言收縮血壓 60 mmHg以上,皮膚血流仍可以維持皮下epinephrine的適當吸收。

  30. 治 療- 延遲性的全身性反應或類血清病 • 延遲性的全身性反應以抗組織胺、類固醇及腎上腺素治療 • 類血清病可以類固醇藥物治療。

  31. 病人處置原則 (I) • 只有局部症狀或蕁麻疹者,在症狀緩解後可以離院。 • 有全身性過敏反應的病人在初期症狀消失數小時後,可能再出現同樣的症狀;因此對有中度以上全身性過敏症狀的病人,在症狀緩解後仍須觀察 8-12 小時以確定症狀未復發。 • 重度全身性過敏反應病人,必須住院治療與觀察。

  32. 病人處置原則 (II) • 一般建議20隻以上胡蜂螫傷,應考慮留院觀察(尚無定論)。 • 血液至少應在剛到院及第六小時執行實驗室檢查;若無異常且病人無症狀,可出院再追蹤。 • 檢查項目包括 urinalysis、CBC、Biochemical test (LFT, RFT、bilirubin、CK)、ABG、ECG、及CXR等,視病情需要而安排。

  33. 病人處置原則 (III) 曾產生過敏性休克病史的人,應給予衛教 • 避免蜂螫的方法 • 身上攜帶註明病人有過敏性休克病史的標示牌或小冊 • 教導epinephrine針劑套組的正確使用時機與方法 • 考慮調整藥物,避免使用-blocker,以免下次蜂螫時,產生更嚴重的反應 • 轉診至免疫專科醫師追蹤,必要時考慮減敏療法(然而臺灣目前尚不可行)。

  34. 預 防 (I) • 避免蜂螫,尤其是在蜂群最多最不穩定的八至十月。陰雨天,蜂類多在巢內,特別擁擠易被激怒。花圃區、垃圾堆、山岩區、樹枝上、人煙少的地區,可能是蜂類出沒區。 • 蜂類喜好香味及甜味;避免用化粧品、香水、髮膠等具特殊氣味物品,注意果皮、食物所散發的氣味,可避免被蜂螫的機會。

  35. 預 防 (II) • 穿貼身而不寬鬆的衣服,最好褲子能紮到靴子裡;穿戴表面光滑及淺色衣帽,避免深色毛織品及表面粗糙的衣帽。

  36. 預 防 (III) • 蜂類對於深色物在淺色環境中快速移動特別敏感,對於急速移動的風流也會順風而上,所以頭度部是易被攻擊的目標,要特別注意。 • 發現蜂類從身旁飛過,不要猛然閃避或以手或衣物拍打, 否則極可能被螫,最好先保持冷靜不動而讓它自己飛走; 並冷靜觀察以確定它是採集蜂或巡邏蜂,以及附近是否有蜂巢。

  37. 預 防 (IV) • 當發現毒蜂 (巡邏蜂) 有攻擊意圖時,可以手肘或衣服保護頭部,低下身子靜靜大步走開,直至蜂的勢力範圍以外。儘量勿亂動,因為頭髮的飄動、眼睛快速眨動及急速呼吸所造成的氣流,皆易引發胡蜂攻擊。

  38. 預 防 (V) • 如蜂已被激怒,應以衣服將頭包住,往順風方向跑,以免被螫後費洛蒙飄散,成為蜂追逐的目標。被蜂攻擊後,一面跑、一面揮動衣物是很危險的作法,會造成一大片陰影及強力氣流,讓蜂類更易認清目標。

  39. 預 防 (VI) • 有過敏性休克病史的人,應教導其避免蜂螫、隨身攜帶epinephrine針劑套組及正確使用方法,以爭取急救時間。 • 未來應發展免疫治療,有過敏性休克病史的人可先接受減敏療法,以減少發生蜂螫休克的機會。

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