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Baroque Art. Characterized by movement, intensity, tension, energy, vivid color, theatre, use of intense light, stark contrasts Rejects the limits of previous styles of art Shocks audience Seeks to restore power to the church of Rome Variations in style due to three catagories of supporters:
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Baroque Art • Characterized by movement, intensity, tension, energy, vivid color, theatre, use of intense light, stark contrasts • Rejects the limits of previous styles of art • Shocks audience • Seeks to restore power to the church of Rome • Variations in style due to three catagories of supporters: • Church in Counter Reformation • Aristocratic Court of Louis XIV • Bourgeois merchants of Holland
17th century trends • During the Renaissance, wealth and conspicuous consumption become very cool • During the Middle Ages, the wealth of the church was seen as corrupt, the church was too powerful, abuses of the church began to be recognized • Therefore, the Reformation…. • New churches were formed… • Luther-Lutheranism • Calvin-Calvinism • Knox- Presbyterian • Henry VIII- Anglicanism
17th century trends • The Roman Catholic Church’s response was the Counter Reformation • They try to reform • It’s too late • People already left the church • Church sends out missionaries • Church also starts the Inquisition…terror…burning people at the stake
17th century trends • People wanted very rich decoration, flamboyant, lots of emotion, very showy, wanted to decorate homes • There was a rise in secular art and music because of increase in wealth • Some areas have no religious art because of religious beliefs (Calvinism) • Church loses grip over people…Individuals become more powerful with choices involving religion and education • People begin to take pride in their countries…the beginning of Nationalism • Kings and queens become more powerful over people especially if it is a Protestant country because the Pope’s power has dwindled
Baroque-Counter Reformation Art • Caravaggio, Gentileschi, and Bernini • Dynamic, colorful, often violent, flamboyant, emotional , intense • The focus with this style is an answer or “counter-attack” by the Roman Catholic Church
Il Gesu • Counter Reformation Baroque style • Founded in 1534 by Ignasius Loyola • Church became a model for Roman Catholic churches • Strong accents of double paired pilasters • Central portal of double cornice
Caravaggio • Shocking subject matter • Unbalanced; opposed to balance and restraint • Nonrealistic • Dramatic lighting • Paintings have intense psychological impact • Caravaggio said nature would be his only teacher • His life is as dramatic as his art…He killed a man in a fight, nearly fatally wounded in another fight, died during a violent rage over a misunderstanding
Caravaggio’s Deposition How many people? Who is half-nude? Actual or implied light?
Gentileschi • Violent subject matter • Used same style as Caravaggio • A woman • Heroic women were her preferred subject • In the next painting, Gentileschi chooses the exact moment of the execution • The extreme contrast between light and dark emphasizes the horror of the scene
Bernini • Probably the last artist to fully represent the Counter Reformation • A sculptor and an architect • Produced very emotional art with intense energy • Rome was his city and he left his stamp everywhere, especially the piazza of St. Peter’s and the Baldacchino, canopy over St. Peter’s tomb
Bernini • The piazza of St. Peter’s
Bernini’s Ecstasy of St. Theresa • Saint is in state of rapture • Overcome by love for God • Arrow in hand of smiling angel represents pain of love for God
Velasquez • Concerned with nature and optical effects of light • Not interested in religious subjects • His Maids of Honor is one of the most celebrated works of the century • Page 354 • Enormous depth in painting: people are in all areas of the room, mirror shows people where the audience is, the door opening goes farther into the background • A painting about space and light
Aristocratic Baroque • Regal style- glamour, grandeur, and glory • Rubens and van Dyck were leading painters • Versailles is the supreme example of architecture • Artists made money working in the courts of kings and queens: Fredrick the Great of Prussia, Maria Theresa of Austria, Peter the Great, Catherine the Great of Russia, Louis XIV, XV, and XVI of France
Rubens • Lived in an exciting time of new changes as people like Galileo and Kepler help change people’s vision of the world • Lived in a bloody time of misogynistic witchcraft trials and the Inquisition • Nevertheless, Rubens praised the human spirit and the beauty of the natural world • His temperament was wholly positive and sunny
Anthony van Dyck • Portrait painter for court • Elegant portrayals always improved upon the model • Came under patronage of Charles I of England
Baroque Classical • Grand manner but a style that emphasized line and natural color. • Leading artist was Poussin • Stands in direct contrast to Rubens
Nicolas Poussin • Emphasized line, lucidity, and control • Lofty subject matter from ancient history, mythology, and biblical stories • He believed Caravaggio treated religious subjects in a base and vulgar manner • Classicist • Objectivity, balance, control, rationality • Painted in the style of Raphael with a triangular arrangement of subjects
The story of The Rape of the Sabine Women • Livy tells another story about Romulus in the story of "The Rape of the Sabine Women." It seems that Romulus needed wives for the men who had joined his city. • The Roman state had become strong enough to hold its own in war with all the peoples along its borders, but a shortage of women meant that its greatness was fated to last for a single generation, since there was no prospect of offspring at home nor any prospect of marriage with their neighbors. Then, in accordance with the decision of the senate, Romulus sent messengers to the neighboring peoples to ask for alliance and the right of marriage for the new people. . . But nowhere were the emissaries given a fair hearing. Some scorned, others feared the great power growing in their midst, both for themselves and for their descendants. . . Romulus, to gain time till he found the right occasion, hid his concern and prepared to celebrate the Consualia, the solemn games in honor of equestrian Neptune. He then ordered that the spectacle be announced to the neighboring peoples. He gave the event great publicity by the most lavish means possible in those days. Many people came, some simply out of curiosity to see the new city, and especially the nearest neighbor, from Caenina, Crustuminum and Antemnae; the entire Sabine population came, wives and children included. Received with hospitality in the houses, after having seen the position of the city, its walls, and the large number of buildings, they marveled that Rome had grown so fast. When it was time for the show, and everybody was concentrating on this, a prearranged signal was given and all the Roman youths began to grab the women. Many just snatched the nearest woman to hand, but the most beautiful had already been reserved for the senators and these were escorted to the senators' houses by plebeians who had been given this assignment. • The Romans drove off the men, and took the women for their wives. The Sabine men did not give in so easily however. There was war between the Romans and the Sabines led by their king Titus Tatius. It was the women who finally brought peace to Rome. They persuaded their fathers not to fight their new husbands and the Romans accepted Titus Tatius as joint ruler with Romulus.
Versailles • “royal style”: The Age of Kings • Reinforced and enhanced the absolute rule of the king • Louis XIV said, “I am the state” and “It is legal because I wish it.” He became king at five years of age.
Vigee-LebrunPortrait of Marie Antoinette and Her Children • Shows no hint of the danger just before her…That her husband would lose her crown and she her head
