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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (and viruses)

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (and viruses). Cell Biology Standard 1c Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those from plants and animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general structure. Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria). Bacteria Simplest cells

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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (and viruses)

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  1. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells (and viruses) Cell Biology Standard 1c Students know how prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells (including those from plants and animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general structure.

  2. Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria) • Bacteria • Simplest cells • No membrane-bound organelles • No nucleus • DNA is found in “nucleoid region” • pro = before karyo = nucleus

  3. Eukaryotic Cells • Membrane-bound organelles • Many chemical reactions can take place at the same time • Nucleus(Contains DNA) • Eu = true karyo = nucleus • Unicellular or multicellular organisms • 2 Types: Plant & Animal Cells

  4. Viruses • Not alive • DNA or RNA surrounded by protein

  5. True or False??? • 1. Viruses are living and bacteria are non-living. • 2. Both types of cells as well as viruses have genetic material. • 3. The two types of Eukaryotic cells are plant cells and animal cells. • 4. A prokaryotic cell does not have membrane bound organelles like mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum. • Eukaryotic cells are found in bacteria.

  6. Eukaryotic cells are differentiated from prokaryotic cells because eukaryotic cells A are much smaller. B have permeable membranes. C have a higher rate of reproduction. D have a nucleus.

  7. Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells Cell Biology Standard 1d, 1e

  8. Nucleus 1d The “brain” of the cell Contains DNA that codes for ALL the proteins in your body Surrounded by the nuclear membrane Membrane has nuclear pores to let mRNA out

  9. When DNA is uncoiled it’s called chromatin When DNA is coiled up it’s called chromosomes

  10. Transcription 1d DNA is transcribed (copied) into messenger RNA (mRNA) mRNA leaves through nuclear pore into cytoplasm

  11. Translation 1d mRNA is translated into a protein by a ribosome That’s how your genes (DNA) predict your appearance (proteins)!

  12. The central dogma of molecular biology outlines the flow of information as the following: • A. DNA ->mRNA-> protein -> ribosome • B. mRNA ->DNA -> ribosome -> protein • C. DNA -> mRNA -> ribosome -> protein • D. Protein -> ribosome -> mRNA -> DNA Translation is the process of: • A. DNA replication • B. ribosomes reading mRNA code to build a protein • C. DNA copied into mRNA • D. mRNA copied into DNA

  13. Organelles 1e Ribosomes: read the mRNA and make proteins. Rough ER : covered in ribosomes where proteins are made. Golgi apparatus: packages proteins in vesicleswhich are moved to the membrane. Smooth ER: modifies and detoxifies lipids. (fats, steroids)

  14. Which cellular organelle is responsible for packaging the proteins that the cell secretes? A cytoskeleton B cell membrane C lysosome D Golgi apparatus

  15. Which cellular organelle is responsible for modifying and detoxifying lipids? • A Rough ER • B Mitochondria • C Ribosomes • D Smooth ER

  16. The Cell Membrane Cell Biology standard 1a Students know cells are enclosed within semipermeable membranes that regulate their interaction with their surroundings.

  17. Cell Membrane • Surrounds ALL cells! • Controls what enters/leaves the cell • SEMIPERMEABLE – allows some things through but not others

  18. Structure • Phospholipidbilayer • Polar heads “love” water (hydrophilic) • Nonpolar tails “fear” water (hydrophobic)

  19. Fluid Mosaic Model • “Fluid mosaic model” • Proteins float around like icebergs in the ocean

  20. Cell Transport • Molecules can enter/leave the cell 3 ways • Diffusion • Carrier-Facilitated (“helped”) diffusion • Active transport

  21. 1. Diffusion • No energyrequired • Molecules move from area of high concentration to low concentration • Diffusion of water is called “osmosis”

  22. 2. Carrier-Facilitated Diffusion • No energy required • Molecules “helped” across by proteins from high to low concentration

  23. 3. Active Transport • Energy required! • ATP – the “battery” of the cell • Breaking a bond in ATP releases energy • Can “pump” molecules from low to high concentration building them up in the cell

  24. The cell membrane of the red blood cell will allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and glucose to pass through. Because other substances are blocked from entering, this membrane is called A. perforated. B. semi-permeable. C. non-conductive. D. permeable.

  25. True or False??? • 1. In both diffusion and carrier-facilitated diffusion molecules move from high to low concentration. • 2. The cell membrane is called the fluid mosaic model because ribosomes float around like icebergs in an ocean. • 3. The type of energy needed for active transport to move molecules against the concentration gradient from low to high is ATP. • The cell membrane is a phospholipidbilayer with polar heads on the inside and non polar tails on the outside.

  26. Cellular Energetics Photosynthesis and Respiration Standards 1f and 1g

  27. Photosynthesis1f • Process where sunlight is converted into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates (sugar) • Occurs in the Chloroplast CO2 + H2O + light  C6H12O6 + O2 Carbon Dioxide + water + light  Glucose + Oxygen

  28. Has stacks of membranes called thylakoids surrounded by space called the stroma

  29. Reactions of Photosynthesis • Light-dependent reactions • Need light • Energy from sunlight is stored in chemical bonds of ATP and NADPH • O2 is released from water • H2O + light  ATP + NADPH +O2 (full batteries) • Light-independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle) • Use ATP and NADPH to make glucose from CO2 • CO2 + ATP + NADPH  C6H12O6 (sugar)

  30. Which of these best completes this concept map? A an animal cell B a prokaryotic cell C a virus D a plant cell

  31. Which molecule in plant cells first captures the radiant energy from sunlight? A glucose B carbon dioxide C chlorophyll D adenosine triphosphate

  32. The first stage of photosynthesis in a chloroplast is A. light-dependent. B. temperature-dependent. C. glucose-driven. D. ATP-driven.

  33. Cellular Respiration 1g • Series of reactions where carbohydrates are broken down to produce CO2 and energy (ATP) • Occurs in the Cytoplasm & Mitochondria C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP energy Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP energy

  34. Matrix is center of the mitochondria • Cristae are folded portions of inner membrane

  35. 3 sets of reactions • Glycolysis – glucose split into two pyruvate (Cytoplasm) = 2 ATP • Krebs Cycle – pyruvate broken into CO2 (matrix of the mitochondria) = 2 ATP • Electron TransportChain – most ATP produced (cristae of the mitochondria) = 32-34 ATP

  36. Which step of Cellular Respiration produces the most ATP? • A. Glycolysis • B. Krebs Cycle • C. Electron Transport Chain • D. All steps produce the same amount of ATP

  37. In aerobic respiration, the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) takes place in A. chloroplasts. B. nuclei. C. lysosomes. D. mitochondria.

  38. A cell from heart muscle would probably have an unusually high proportion of A. lysosomes. B. mitochondria. C. mRNA. D. Golgi bodies.

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