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The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The Endoplasmic Reticulum. Produces an enormous variety of molecules Is composed of smooth and rough ER. Nuclear envelope. Ribosomes. Rough ER. Smooth ER. The Endoplasmic Reticulum. After the rough ER synthesizes a molecule it packages the molecule into transport vesicles. 4.

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum

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  1. The Endoplasmic Reticulum • Produces an enormous variety of molecules • Is composed of smooth and rough ER Nuclear envelope Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER

  2. The Endoplasmic Reticulum After the rough ER synthesizes a molecule it packages the molecule into transport vesicles 4 Transport vesicle buds off Secretory protein inside transport vesicle Ribosome 3 Protein 1 Rough ER 2 Polypeptide

  3. The Golgi Apparatus • Works in partnership with the ER • Refines, stores, and distributes the products of cells Transport vesicle from ER “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus New vesicle forming Transport vesicle from the Golgi “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane

  4. Lysosomes • It contains digestive enzymes • The enzymes break down macromolecules • A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac • They break down damaged organelles Lysosome Digestion Damaged organelle (b) Lysosome breaking down damaged organelle

  5. Vacuoles Vacuoles are membranous sacs

  6. The Endomembrane System Rough ER Transport vesicle from ER Golgi apparatus Secretory vesicle from Golgi Vacuole Lysosome Secretory protein Plasma membrane

  7. Clicker Question #2 • 2. Highly phagocytic cells (cells that take part in lots of phagocytosis), like some of your immune cells, need __________ to degrade their phagocytosed particles. • A. peroxisomes • B. phagosomes • C. lysosomes • D. cytoskeletal proteins • E. ribosomes

  8. Cellular energy conversion Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, which involves the production of ATP from food molecules Outer membrane Inner membrane Cristae Matrix Space between membranes Figure 4.18

  9. Cytoskeleton • ● Provides mechanical support to the cell and maintain its shape

  10. *microtubules The Cytoskeleton *microfilaments (actin filaments) *intermediate filaments

  11. Microfilaments

  12. Microtubules *centrosome *centrioles

  13. Cilia and Flagella Cilia and flagella are motile appendages • Flagella propel the cell in a whiplike motion • Cilia move in a coordinated back-and-forth motion

  14. “9 + 2” basal body Cilia and Flagella

  15. The Cytoskeleton dynein – motor molecules

  16. Plant Cells Not in animal cells Cytoskeleton Mitochondrion Central vacuole Nucleus Cell wall Rough endoplamsicreticulum (ER) Chloroplast Ribosomes Plasma membrane Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Plasmodesmata Golgi apparatus

  17. Plant Cells Walls of two adjacent plant cells Plant cells are encased by cell walls Vacuole Plasmodesmata (channels between cells)

  18. Chloroplasts Inner and outer membranes of envelope Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy Granum Space between membranes Stroma (fluid in chloroplast)

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