Gallery Walk

1. Gallery Walk • In the library you will walk around the bookshelves QUIETLY to view each of the 10 photographs. • Part 1-take any notes/observations you make about the photographs • Part 2-answer any three of the questions PLUS write your own

2. The (Second) AMERICAN Industrial Revolution

3. CORE CONTENT • a. Evaluate the impact of new inventions and technologies of the late nineteenth century • b. Identify and evaluate the influences on business and industry in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries • c. Identify labor and workforce issues of the late nineteenth century, including perspectives of owners/managers and Social Darwinists • d. Explain the challenges and contributions of immigrants of the late nineteenth century • e. Explain the causes and impact of urbanization in the late nineteenth century

4. The Second Industrial Revolution • Since the Civil War, the United States developed into an industrial powerhouse. During the late 1800s, new technology and inventions led to the growth of industry, the rise of big business, and revolutions in transportation and communication

5. Technological Innovations and Industrial Development from 1865 to 1920 • During this time, the US Grew to become the world’s leading industrial nation. WHAT FACTORS LED TO THIS? • Abundance natural resources • Financing • Plentiful supply of labor • Technological developments **

6. Reading Notes • Read Section 2 and 3 answering the questions and completing the graphs over new inventions and technologies

7. Reading Notes Section 2 Section 2 • 1. The United States evolved from a largely agricultural nation into a complex industrial society. • 2.Capitalists provided financial backing for the scientific research that led to many new inventions. They provided funds to build railroads, mills, and factories furnished with machinery and supplies. • 3. Capitalism is an economic system in which factories, equipment, and other means of production are privately owned rather than being controlled by government .

8. 4. Telegraph lines brought dramatic progress in communications. Messages could quickly be sent anywhere in the country where there was a telegraph line. The invention of the telephone led to commercial lines, allowing businesses and eventually individual homes to quickly contact each other.

9. - One invention - BESSEMER PROCESS • Promoted the expansion of iron and steel manufacturing • Increased productivity • Revolutionized steel manufacturing by decreasing labor costs especially in bridges and buildings

10. THOMAS EDISON • Light bulb –gave birth to the electric power industry. • 1882- Edison built a central station in NYC • HUGE impact on American industry – Could you live without electricity?

11. "Be courageous! Whatever setbacks America has encountered, it has always emerged as a stronger and more prosperous nation....""Be brave as your fathers before you. Have faith and go forward" Thomas Alva Edison"

12. Research inventions activity

13. Building specialized machinery that could produce identical parts for quick assembly Why did they no longer need skilled workers? Unskilled workers could run the machines cheaper After civil war, factory owners improved mass production by?

14. 4. Corporations were formed to provide businesses with the capital necessary to expand. Corporations are run by the stock owners, who profit from the corporation’s success. • 5. Monopolies, such as Rockefeller’s Standard Oil, dominate an industry by eliminating competition. Trusts are sets of companies managed by a small group of trustees that prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.

15. SECTION 3 3 .Taylor’s time-and-motion studies determined the most efficient way to perform each task in a production process. Industrialists such as Henry Ford applied these principles to their factories, creating assembly lines in which each person completed one small task. This increased productivity and resulted in cheaper goods.

16. Industry and Railroad • Oil - In the mid-1800s people began to refine oil found on coastal waters and lakes for kerosene lamps. • Steel - In the 1850s a new method made steel-making faster and cheaper and by 1910 the U.S. was the world’s top steel producer. • Transcontinental Railroad - In May 1869 the two rail lines met in the Utah Territory, linking east and west. Throughout the country railroads expanded into a vast network.

17. The Rise of Big Business Under laissez-faire capitalism, which is French for “leave alone,” companies operated without government interference. Social Darwinism explained how business was like nature: only the strongest survived.

18. GOVT did help industry How did it help the railroads? By giving it free land -Govt sold natural resources very cheap. -Imposed a tariff on foreign goods. -1877 to 1900 American exports doubled -STRONGEST INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY in the world by 1900

19. GOVT LIMITS BUSINESS In 1890 concerned about Corporate actions that interfered with free trade the government passed the Sherman Anti-Trust act. (outlawed monopolies that restricted trade) Act was ineffective as only a few companies were prosecuted under the act.

20. Industrial Tycoons ROBBER BARONS OR CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY

21. Cornelius Vanderbilt Shipping Industry in New York Invested in Railroads during the Civil War Donated money to education for the public

22. George Pullman Built sleeper cars to make long distance train travel more comfortable

23. JP MORGAN Wealthy banker, financier, philanthropist Expedites the growth of American business through finance Created monopolies like General Electric (GE) from Edison Electric and Steel industry If you have to ask how much it costs, you can't afford it.

24. ANDREW CARNEGIE • CAPTAIN OF STEEL • Immigrant from Scotland • Founded 1st steel plants to use Bessemer Process • Established Carnegie Steel Company which Dominated Steel industry • Used VERTICAL INTEGRATION - controlled every step in production and distribution of product

25. CARNEGIE THE PHILANTHROPIST • He preached a Gospel of Wealth • Rich people have a duty to use their wealth for improvement of mankind. • Carnegie donated money for public libraries, art institutes, & promoted international peace. A man who dies rich dies disgraced

26. Started Standard Oil as a refinery Refined half of the U.S. oil by 1875- Monopoly Horizontal integration - joining together the firms of the same industry – control all of industry –oil Used a trust Wealthy but a terrible reputation for ruthless tactics Philanthropist – supported medical research, education and arts John D. Rockefeller

28. Why do historians believe these men are ROBBER BARONS? Drove competitors out of business Robbed the nation of national resources Bribed public officials Raised prices Paid low wages and poor working conditions WHY CAPTAIN OF INDUSTRY? Worked hard and used new technology Financed and organized business efficiently Created jobs for millions of Americans Middle class growth Improved standard of living WHAT DO YOU THINK? ROBBER BARONS or CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY

29. GILDED AGE 1877- 1900 This age of industrialization is often called the GILDED AGE- coined by Mark Twain – Gilded means covered with a thin layer of GOLD. Thin but glittering layer of prosperity covered the poverty and corruption of much of society