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Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo Biloba. By: Lindsey McRae & Lisa MacDonald. Background. Ginkgo Biloba is from the leaves of one of the oldest living trees believed to have survived 200 million years b/c of resistance to insects, pollution, and diseases spread by seed from China to Korea and Japan

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Ginkgo Biloba

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  1. Ginkgo Biloba By: Lindsey McRae & Lisa MacDonald

  2. Background • Ginkgo Biloba is from the leaves of one of the oldest living trees • believed to have survived 200 million years • b/c of resistance to insects, pollution, and diseases • spread by seed from China to Korea and Japan • brought to Europe and North America by European botanists

  3. Properties Ginkgo Biloba extract has two main ingredients: • Terpene Lactones (6%): • bilobalide (2.6%): increases brain activity by blocking GABA-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission • ginkgolides A, B, C (2.8%): platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist • Flavonol Glycosides (24%): • flavonoids may delay oxidant injury and cell death • quercetin (9.5%), kaempferol (10.5%), and isorhamnetin (2.0%)

  4. Therapeutic Applications Aids and Affects • increase cognitive function • increase blood flow to brain, legs, and other extremities • enhance effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs and reduce their side effects • counteract vascular insufficiency

  5. Dosage & Toxicity • Ginkgo Biloba should be taken for 6-8 weeks before seeing small improvements (3-4 months for larger effects) • oral dose of 120-240 mg 2-3 times daily • Ginkgo supplements are not recommended 36 hours before surgery

  6. Adverse effects • rare occurrence of side effects • nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, palpitations, restlessness, weakness, and skin rash • ingestion or contact with pulp leads to erythema, edema, pruritis and GI irritation • should not be used with antithrombotic therapies (eg. warfarin, heparin, aspirin), and extracts of garlic or ginger b/c of PAF antagonistic effects

  7. References Briskin, Donal P. “Medicinal Plants and Phytomedicines. Linking Plant Biochemistry and Physiology to Human Health.” Plant Physiol. Vol. 124, 2000. Retrieved 3 June 2004. http://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/reprint/124/2/507.pdf Consumer Lab. “Product Review: Ginko Biloba and Huperzine A – Memory Enhancers.” Posted 21 April 2003. Retrieved 3 June 2004. http://www.consumerlab.com/results/ginkgobiloba.asp Crimmins, Michael T. et al. “The Total Synthesis of Ginkgolide B.” Posted 19 May 2000. Retrieved 3 June 2004. http://www.unc.edu/depts/mtcgroup/jacs20008453.pdf Ginkgo Biloba. “Ginkgo biloba in Medicine.” 1 Jan. 2001. Retrieved 3 June 2004. http://perso.wanadoo.fr/ginkgo.dm/GINKGO/GbMedecine.htm Glossary of Eye Terminology. “Macular Degeneration.” University of Maryland. Retrieved 10 June 2004. www.umm.edu/eyecare/glossary.htm Kolb, Bryan, and Ian Q. Whishaw. An Introduction to Brain and Behaviour. New York, NY: Worth Publishers, 2001. Life Extension Foundation. “Ginkgo Biloba.” 1995-2004. Retrieved 3 June 2004. http://www.lef.org/prod_hp/abstracts/php-ab280.html Niering, Apothekerin P. et al. “H202-Induced Oxidative Stress in H4IIE Cells: Influence of the Flavonoid Kaimpferol.” Retrieved 3 June 2004. http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/gbm/homepage/abstract_detail.php?artikel_id=175 Platelet Activating Factor. Webster’s Online Dictionary. Retrieved 10 June 2004. http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/english/Pl/Platelet+Activating+Factor.html Sierpina, Victor S. et al. (2003) “Ginkgo Biloba.” American Family Physician, 68(5), 923-926. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030901/923.html

  8. Ginkgo Biloba Structures Basic Flavonoid Kaempferol Quercetin Bilobalide Isorhamnetin 1 Ginkgolide variations

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