PASA PRIMATE WELFARE

1. PASA PRIMATE WELFARE PASA Welfare Team

2. What do you think is animal welfare?

3. Law & Legislation • Animal Welfare Act 2006 (UK) • European Commission - EU Directive • African legislation on animal welfare? • Incomplete and always behind as the latest research is not integrated • International differences

4. 5 FreedomsBrambellReport 1965 • Freedom from hunger and thirst - access to fresh water and a diet for full health and vigour (freedom from thirst, hunger, malnutrition) • Freedom from discomfort - an appropriate environment with shelter and comfortable rest area (appropriate comfort and shelter) • Freedom from pain, injury and disease - prevention or rapid treatment, (prevention, or rapid diagnosis and treatment, of injury and disease) • Freedom to express normal behaviour - adequate space and facilities, company of the animal's own kind (freedom to display most normal patterns of behaviour) • Freedom from fear and distress - conditions and treatment which avoid mental sufferings (freedom from fear) Good starting points but limited and incomplete

5. Animal welfare indicators (Broom 1999) Reduced longevity; reduced ability to grow or breed; body damage; disease; immunosuppression; physiological attempts to cope; behavioural attempts to cope; behavioural pathology (e.g. stereotypies, apathy, self-mutilation, learned helplessness); self narcotisation; extent of behavioural aversion expressed; extent of the suppression of normal behaviour patterns; extent to which normal physiological processes and anatomical developments are inhibited, ...

6. Animal welfare indicators (Broom 1999) • Animal welfare indicators of negative welfare, what are the positive indicators? • Absence of stereotypic and or other maladaptive behaviours does not mean welfare is good. • Animal with stereotypic behaviours could have better welfare (Mason 2008)

7. positive Animal welfare indicators • Goals of sanctuaries • Challenges • (Possible) roles of animals in the sanctuaries • Promotion of good welfare is fundamental • What have animals evolved to do, ecology, sensory systems, social structure, ... • Informed by science (we know and we don’t know!) & ethics

8. animal welfare framework / protocols • Local document • PASA • Sanctuary • Written overview of what animal welfare is • How it will be assessed & maintained • Focus on positive welfare

9. Life cycle of an animal: species and individual • Species: birth, adolescence (f.e. young animals need time & space to play), reproductive ages, ageing (for older bears stability if failing eyesight, arthritis) and senescence • Individual: personality /temperament on welfare and enrichment, early rearing environment, & visitor effects

10. Day versus night • Geographical area: weather / temperatures / light • Working hours & routines staff • What do animals do at night? Data collection • Housing • Enrichment • Bad sleep leads to bad welfare • Feeding

12. 24/7 across the year • Variation across the week (weekend/weekday, visitor numbers and staff presence) • Variation across the year (holidays, both high days and Christmas day - no visitors etc., or sanctuary opening hours across the year (visitor numbers and staff presence) • Seasonal variation across year (e.g. weather means different requirements for shelter, animals get locked inside, indoor & outdoor, …

16. Animal Welfare The standards / norms relating to the well-being and health of animals - “whole animal”: cognition, affective states, behaviour, physiology, nutrition, social life, etc. Why is animal welfare important? To ensure predominantly positive welfare • Responsibility • Protection • Evidence-based • Empathy & ethics

17. Animal Welfare assessment • Qualitative Behaviour Assessment • Cognitive bias • Anticipatory cues • What animals know about what they know - opt out Health Physiology QuantitiveBehaviour Analysis Theory of demand Preference

18. Prof. M. Stamp-Dawkins - 2 questions: Are the animals healthy? Do they have what they want?

19. By Dr. Gordon Burghardt Anthropomorphism – Attributing human characteristics to nonhuman entities (grievous sin) Anthropomorphism by Omission – Unwittingly neglecting the animal’s perspective and Umwelt (also a grievous sin)

20. By Dr. Gordon Burghardt Critical Anthropomorphism – Using our stance as human beings to propose the occurrence of testable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in other species informed by a rigorous incorporation of empirical knowledge and research findings on physiology, sensory and neural processes, ecology, behavior, sociality, and development (Essential Virtue) Judging other species using markers such as screams, smiles, or even speed of responding can be uncritically anthropomorphic and a hallmark of anthropocentrism!

21. Animal - human interaction What matters to quality is how things are done, their style; quality is a dynamic notion. Rather than the amount of attention we pay to animals, for example, what matters is how we do this, the quality of that attention. Our behaviour when working around and with animals Animal learn all the time: Voluntary collaboration / animal training PTR Behavioural learning theories High vigilance & anticipatory cues

22. What is enrichment? Depends on different philosophies & definitions Good husbandry versus enrichment Enrichment categories Opportunities for more choice and control Importance of understanding what is enriching

23. Rest and sleep Fit animals need rest and sleep Type of bedding, floor, light, noise, ... Quality versus quantity Social Night & day schedules Learning & memory

24. Animal emotions / characteristics Personality - shelter adoption pilot example Characteristics - match / adaptAnthropomorphising (critical)Behaviour versus underlying emotional state Methods affecting emotions

25. Social life Friends & family Quality relationships Solitary housing Get away place Training in a group Holding areas

26. The good, the bad, the ugly & the stupID Cute, nice, intelligent, aggressive, shy, stupid, .... “Chrystal Okapis” Wellbeing - quality of care Pygmalion effect

27. The animals are not behaving! Understanding animals Sds & onsequences What they can do for us What we can do for them Choice & control

28. “tools” Water sprays, stones, loud noises, brooms, sticks Crush cages Body posture & eye gaze, threatening postures, shouting Food and or water (mis)use / control Use of other individuals

29. The use of animal training Husbandry Daily management Preventive health care Exercise Enrichment Positive human-animal interactions Research samples / data collection

30. “No bar policy” No cheating 2-way communication Empathy Real choices & control

31. Environment Environment quantity Environmental complexity Fixed and flexibility Social needs and preferences Choice and control Animal management and access Enrichment Training

32. Record keeping Animal welfare assessment All aspects of animal care Input resources Outcome criteria Short term and long term goals and criteria

33. WELFARE ASSESSMENT • Identify specific issues for individuals • Identify realistic goals • Identify realistic actions to achieve these goals • Apply deadlines for review and reassessment • Review response to actions/changes implemented • Ensure team involvement and communication

34. The PASA Primate Care Training Program is made possible by a generous grant from Fondation Brigitte Bardot.