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CHAPTER 15. NURSING YESTERDAY AND TODAY. Nursing’s Public Image. 25 years ago, society perceived nurses in gender-linked task-oriented terms Popular media have improved somewhat in the portrayal of nursing’s image. Nursing Defined. 1859: Nightingale 1950: Henderson 1963: Rogers
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CHAPTER 15 NURSING YESTERDAY AND TODAY
Nursing’s Public Image • 25 years ago, society perceived nurses in gender-linked task-oriented terms • Popular media have improved somewhat in the portrayal of nursing’s image
Nursing Defined • 1859: Nightingale • 1950: Henderson • 1963: Rogers • 2002: American Nurses Association
Nursing Leaders • Florence Nightingale • Lillian Wald • Margaret Sanger • Adelaide Nutting • Mildred Montag • Mary Elizabeth Mahoney • Virginia Henderson
Florence Nightingale • Best known of the nursing leaders • Was considered the founder of modern nursing • Innovative thinker • Acted as a change agent
Background • Born in Florence, Italy, in 1820 • Father saw to her education • Always showed an interest in the welfare of those less fortunate • Insisted in going to Kaiserworth to become trained as a nurse
Crimean War • Nightingale was commissioned to go to the Crimea to investigate the conditions and make improvements • She found a disaster
Changes in Care • Nightingale and nurses cleaned environment • Delivered nursing care • Wrote letters to families
The Nightingale School • This was an independent educational institution • Her book, Notes on Nursing: What it is and what it is not, set the fundamental principles of nursing
Health-Care Reform • Nightingale kept statistical records • These records convinced the British to make reforms • Her work marked the beginning of modern military nursing • Her work led to hospital reform
Background • Born in Ohio • Attended the New York Hospital School of Nursing • Thought she wanted to continue in medical school and entered Women’s Medical College in New York
The Visiting Nurses • Wald and Brewster established a settlement house in New York’s Lower East Side • They built an independent nursing practice • Eventually, they developed a respected reputation among hospitals and physicians
The Henry Street Settlement House • Established 2 years later • Grew into a well-organized social service system • Multiple services were available
Other Accomplishments • Developed school health nursing • Organized the Children’s Bureau • Nursing Service Division of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company
Background • Born in Corning, New York • Attended the White Plains Hospital School of Nursing • Worked at the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital • Married and became a homemaker
Advocate and Social Reformer • Sanger was concerned about the working conditions of people who lived in poverty • A major strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, influenced her life • She intervened on behalf of the children
Sanger the Public Health Nurse • Sanger was assigned to maternity cases on the Lower East Side • While caring for a young mother who had attempted to self-abort, Sanger began to see a need for education in family planning
Reform • Sanger worked toward making contraceptive information available to women • She opened the first birth control clinic in the United States • Sanger was arrested; she walked to the courthouse, refusing to ride
Creation of Planned Parenthood • Sanger established Planned Parenthood • Today this organization offers birth control information and family planning counseling
The Feminist • Sanger can be considered an early feminist • She was independent and assertive at a time when it was not considered politically correct for a woman to be outspoken • She used her nursing background to promote political change
Background • Nutting was the first graduate of the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing • As a nursing student she won an essay contest • She became a close friend of Isabel Hampton, the director of the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing
Nursing Education • Nutting developed the prototype for diploma school education • She added a background in the basic sciences • Nutting believed that the profession needed autonomy to advance
Major Contributions • Nutting created the Department of Nursing and Health at Teachers College at Columbia University • She became the first professor of nursing in the world • She was instrumental in developing university education for nursing
Background • Developed the curriculum for associate degree nursing programs • Proposed two levels of nursing • Described a curriculum to educate what she referred to as the “technical nurse”
Contributions to Nursing • Associate degree nursing (ADN) education has exerted a profound impact on nursing education • ADN is the primary model for basic RN education
Contributions to Nursing Montag’s major achievement was to shift nursing education from hospital, service-based facilities to institutions of higher learning
Background • She was born free on May 7, 1845, in Dorchester, Massachusetts • She showed an interest in nursing during her adolescence • She worked for 15 years at the New England Hospital for Women and Children • She was as a cook, held a janitor’s position, and spent time as a washerwoman and an unofficial nurse's assistant
Education • At the age of 33, she applied to the hospital’s nursing program and was accepted as a student • 16 months later, Mary and four white students completed the rigorous course • She ended her nursing career as director of an orphanage in Long Island, New York
Contributions to Nursing • Recognized the need for nurses to work together to advance the status of black nurses within the profession • Cofounded the National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN)
Background • Born in 1897 in Kansas City, Missouri • Attended the U.S. Army School of Nursing • Continued her career in public health
Nurse Educator • Attended Columbia Teacher’s College • Joined the faculty • In 1953 joined the Yale School of Nursing Faculty, where she remained for 40 years
Contributions to Nursing • She published the four-volume Nursing Studies Index • She pioneered the work that is considered the essence of modern nursing • Her most important writing, The Principles and Practice of Nursing, is considered the equivalent of Nightingale’s work
Contributions • Henderson actively participated in nursing organizations • Sigma Theta Tau International Nurses Honor Society named its library in honor of her contributions
Henderson’s Legacy • Recognized as the “first lady of nursing” • Many colleagues refer to her as the “21st century Florence Nightingale” • She represents the essence and the spirit of nursing to all of us
Early History • Early Egyptian priests practiced nursing • The first nursing school started in India in 250 BC, and only men were considered “pure enough” to be nurses • Nursing was practiced by men during the Byzantine Empire
The 19th Century • Male and female slaves served as nurses • During the Civil War, the Confederate army used men as nurses, whereas the Union army used women • In 1863 the Alexian Brothers opened the first hospital in this country and educated men as nurses
The 20th Century • The ANA first admitted nurses to its membership in 1930 • Men were not allowed to serve as nurses in the military until the conclusion of the Korean War • Today the number of men in nursing is increasing, resuming their historical role as caregivers
American Nurses Association (ANA) • Works for improvement of health standards • Availability of health-care services • Fosters high standards for nursing
ANA’s “Social Policy” Statement • The social context of nursing practice • The nature and scope of nursing practice • Specialization in nursing practice • Regulation of nursing practice • The ethics of nursing practice reviewed by the House of Delegates
American Nurses Association (ANA) • Stimulates and promotes the professional development of nurses • Advances nurses’ economic and general welfare
National League for Nursing(NLN) • Membership is open to other health professionals and interested consumers, not just nurses • Participates in test services, research, and publication • Lobbies actively for nursing issues • Currently working with ANA and other nursing organizations on health-care reform.
