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ANCIENT ROME

ANCIENT ROME. LEGEND OF ROME. Mythological start of Rome: Founded in 753 B.C. by twins Romulus & Remus Abandoned on Tiber River – raised by she-wolf Later the brothers quarrel – Romulus kills Remus. GEOGRAPHY. Unlike Greece - geography allowed people in Rome to UNITE under one government

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ANCIENT ROME

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  1. ANCIENT ROME

  2. LEGEND OF ROME • Mythological start of Rome: • Founded in 753 B.C. by twins Romulus & Remus • Abandoned on Tiber River – raised by she-wolf • Later the brothers quarrel – Romulus kills Remus

  3. GEOGRAPHY • Unlike Greece - geography allowed people in Rome to UNITEunder one government • Built on seven rolling hills on the Tiber River • CENTER of the Italian PENINSULA • Midway between ALPS and Southern tip of Italy • Near the Mediterranean Sea

  4. Three Early Groups • 3 groups battled for control: I. LATINS II. GREEKS III. ETRUSCANS • 600 B.C. Etruscans take over • 509 B.C. last Etruscan King (Tarquin the Proud) overthrown – Rome sets up a REPUBLIC {“public affairs}

  5. REPUBLIC • Form of Government power is with citizens whohave right to vote for leaders {Rome – only free-born male citizens had voting rights} • 2 Main Groups struggle for power: • PATRICIANS– wealthy landowners- held most power • PLEBEIANS- majority of the people: farmers, artisans, merchants {Plebeians could vote but could not hold high office}

  6. TWELVE TABLES • 451 BC. – creation of written law code: TWELVE TABLES OF LAW • Carved on Twelve Tablets hung for all to see • Became the basis for all Roman Laws • All free citizens had right to protection

  7. ROMAN ARMY • All land owningcitizens required to serve in army • LEGIONS – large military units of Roman soldiers • By 265 B.C. Rome had conquered all of Italy • Main enemy becomes CARTHAGE – located in North Africa

  8. http://www.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/the-rise-and-fall-of-carthage/http://www.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/the-rise-and-fall-of-carthage/

  9. Punic Wars

  10. END OF THE REPUBLIC • By 270 B.C. Rome had conquered all of Italy • Through a series of WARS Rome became the DOMINANT power in the Mediterranean area • Expansion led to a widening gap – RICH/POOR • Thousands of slaves captured in wars caused unemployment • Rome’s enlarged TERRITORYmade the Republic unstable • Eventually the republic gives way to a DICTATORruled empire • Period of Civil War broke out

  11. 60 B.C. 1stTRIUMVIRATE • 3 leaders: JULIUS CAESAR, CRASSUS, POMPEY brought stability back to Rome • 58B.C. -Caesar becomes Governor of GAUL (France) & invades Britain • 49 B.C. – Civil War breaks out again between Caesar and Pompey – Caesar’s troops force Pompey to flee to Rome • Caesar follows Pompey to Egypt where Pompey is killed {while in Egypt Caesar becomes involved withCLEOPATRA}

  12. JULIUS CAESAR • 46 B.C. –Julius Caesar comes to power • Caesar returns to Rome – because of his popularity {with both army & poor) he is appointed DICTATOR • 44 B.C. – Caesar is appointed “dictator for life” • Caesar governed as an ABSOLUTE ruler – total power • Caesar was very popular: *Romans conquered most of central and western EUROPE *Created jobs for the poor *Increased pay for military *Made Rome the largest EMPIREin the world

  13. DEATH OF CAESAR • Many Nobles& Senators were upset with Caesar’s Power, Success, & Popularity • March 15, 44 B.C. – “IDES OF MARCH” – Caesar is murdered in the Senate Chambers – stabbed to death • Rome once again fell into Civil War…

  14. 2nd TRIUMVIRATE • After Caesar’s death 3 supporters took control of Rome: • OCTAVIAN-Caesar’s adopted son • MARK ANTONY-experienced general • LEPIDUS- powerful politician • The three ruled for 10 years • Civil War (again!) – after Lepidus retired – Octavian and Mark Antony fought for control of Rome

  15. 2nd TRIUMVIRATE • While in Egypt Mark Antony had become involved with Cleopatra • 30 B.C. – Mark Antony defeated by Octavian {both Mark Antony & Cleopatra commit suicide to avoid capture} • Octavian become sole ruler of Rome

  16. AUGUSTUS • Octavian took title of AUGUSTUS {“Exalted One”} • Also took title of EMPEROR{“Supreme Military Commander} • Rome was now an EMPIRE ruled by one man • Augustus ruled from 27 B.C. – 14 A.D. – absolute power {27B.C. is considered start of Roman EMPIRE}

  17. PAX ROMANA 27 B.C. – 180 A.D. • 200 year period of PEACE, PROGRESS, PROSPERITY, STABILITY {PaxRomana – “ROMAN PEACE”} • Rome’s “GOLDEN AGE” – size: 3 million square miles {from Spain to Mesopotamia, North Africa to Britain} Population over 70 million (city of Rome over 1 million)

  18. http://www.history.com/videos/deconstructing-history-pompeii#deconstructing-history-pompeiihttp://www.history.com/videos/deconstructing-history-pompeii#deconstructing-history-pompeii http://www.history.com/topics/pompeii/videos#pompeii

  19. AUGUSTUS’ CONTRIBUTIONS • Created CIVIL SERVICE System – CORRUPTION cut down Gov’t Officials based on MERIT • Vast TRADING network – shipping and complex ROADS • AGRICULTURE – 90% of people engaged in farming • Strong CENTRAL Gov’t (but believed in governing for the GOOD of all – brought REFORMS, fairer TAXES) • Glorified Rome with Splendid Buildings • Developed efficient Postal System • Common Currency

  20. http://www.history.com/topics/emperor-augustus/videos#deconstructing-history-colosseumhttp://www.history.com/topics/emperor-augustus/videos#deconstructing-history-colosseum http://www.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/what-have-we-learned-from-gladiator-graveyards/ http://www.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/did-nero-really-play-the-fiddle-while-rome-burned/

  21. DECLINE OF ROME • Two CENTURIES of PaxRomana ended in 180 A.D. with the death of Emperor MARCUS AURELIUS (A.D. 161- 180 ) • PEACE & PROSPERITYwas never duplicated • Number of causes contributed to the decline & fall: *MILITARY *POLITICAL *SOCIAL *ECONOMIC

  22. DIOCLETIAN • A.D. 284 – DIOCLETIAN becomes Emperor – strong ruler restored order to the Empire – doubled size of the army – controlled inflation – persecuted Christians • Believed the Empire had grown too large & complex – divided the Empire into two parts: • EAST – GREEK speaking {Greece, Syria, Egypt, Anatolia} • WEST – LATIN speaking {Italy, Spain, Britain, Gaul} • Diocletian became the first and only Roman Emperor to resign when he “retired” in A.D. 305

  23. CONSTANTINE • Constantine best known for being first Christian emperor • A.D. 312- while fighting for control in the WEST Constantine reportedly saw an image of a cross – symbolizing Christianity – the day before an important battle – he had crosses put on his soldiers’ shields – and was victorious – took over as undisputed emperor of WESTERN empire • A.D. 313- issued Edict of Milan - ended persecution of CHRISTIANS {A.D. 380 – CHRISTIANITY becomes Empire’s Official Religion} [proclaimed by Emperor Theodosius]

  24. “CONSTANTINE SEES A SIGN”

  25. http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/videos/rome-and-christianity/bhttp://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/videos/rome-and-christianity/b

  26. CONSTANTINE • A.D. 324– Empire restored to a single ruler – Constantine defeats Eastern Emperor • A.D. 330 – Constantine moves capital from ROME to BYZANTIUM(today this is in Turkey) • Constantine built a new city modeled on Rome but also reflecting Christianity – Byzantium would be renamed CONSTANTINOPLE{“city of Constantine”} today the city is known as Istanbul • A.D. 337 Constantine dies – Empire is divided again • Eventually the East would survive, West would fall

  27. END OF ROMAN EMPIRE • Decline of the WESTERN Roman Empire took place over many years – both internal & external problems • Main external cause – Invasions by Germanic Tribes & Huns • A.D. 476 – last Western Emperor overthrown by GERMANIC invaders • Eastern Empire became known as the BYZANTINE Empire – preserved Greek & Roman heritage - survived for another1,000 years ruling from Constantinople • 1453 – Eastern Empire conquered by Ottoman Turks

  28. LASTING ACHIEVEMENTS OF ROMANS • LAW – fair, equal, innocent until proven guilty, punished for actions not thoughts • LANGUAGE – Latin basis for other languages – French,Spanish, Portugese,Italian (Romance Languages), many English words from Latin, language of Catholic Church • ARCHITECTURE/ENGINEERING – roads, bridges, arches, domes, use of concrete in spectacular buildings ex: A.D. 80 – COLOSSEUM, built AQUEDUCTS to bring water to cities • LITERATURE – poets Virgil & Ovid

  29. http://www.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/how-the-seven-wonders-of-the-ancient-world-work/http://www.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/how-the-seven-wonders-of-the-ancient-world-work/

  30. Military • Loss sense of patriotism • Warlike mentality weakened by the spread of Christianity • The government hired foreign soldiers (mercenaries) to defend borders. • (Army lacked training, discipline and loyalty)

  31. Political • Inefficient and corrupt government • Civil wars and citizens were no longer loyal to officials • Sometimes, Roman legions fought one another • Too large to govern effectively

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