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BIO FUELS FOR TRANSPORT SECTOR – AN ASIAN PERSPECTIVE

BIO FUELS FOR TRANSPORT SECTOR – AN ASIAN PERSPECTIVE. Vehicle Fuel Quality Workshop 22 nd Aug-2006 Organised by Philippines Department of Energy-Oil Industry Management Bureau Asian Clean Fuels Association. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM (Council for Scientific & Industrial Research)

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BIO FUELS FOR TRANSPORT SECTOR – AN ASIAN PERSPECTIVE

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  1. BIO FUELS FOR TRANSPORT SECTOR – AN ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vehicle Fuel Quality Workshop 22 nd Aug-2006 Organised by Philippines Department of Energy-Oil Industry Management Bureau Asian Clean Fuels Association INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM (Council for Scientific & Industrial Research) Ministry of Science & Technology Dehradun INDIA

  2. OUTLINE • Energy Scenario • An Overview on Biofuels • Bio-ethanol • Biodiesel • Conclusions Page 2 of 37

  3. SOURCES OF ENERGY IN ASIA SOURCES OF ENERGY IN ASIA MARKETED ENERGY CONSUMPTION Source:IEA (2004), World Energy Council -2006 Page 3 of 37

  4. CURRENT INDIAN SCENARIO • Total Crude Processing - 116 MMT PA • Crude Import - 82 MMT PA • Production of Crude - 34 MMT PA • Consumption of Diesel - 45 MMT PA • Consumption of Gasoline - 10 MMT PA Page 4 of 37

  5. LONG-TERM GLOBAL OUTLOOK Page 5 of 37

  6. BIOMASS • Currently Fourth largest source of Energy • Supplies 15% of energy use • In developing countries it accounts for 38% of energy use where 50 % of the World population resides Page 6 of 37

  7. AN OVERVIEW ON BIOFUELS • Bio-ethanol • Biodiesel Page 7 of 37

  8. RESOURCES OF BIOMASS • Biomass resource can be divided into three categories: • Energy crops – ethanol, biodiesel • Wastes • Standing forests • Wastes: • Agricultural production wastes • Agricultural processing wastes • Crop residues • Mill wood wastes • Urban organic wastes Page 8 of 37

  9. FUEL PRODUCTS FROM BIOMASS • Bioethanol • Biodiesel (FAME) • Biomethanol • Pyrolytic liquid (Bio-oil) • Hydrogen Page 10 of 37

  10. INDIAN ETHANOL SCENARIO Policy & Regulations • Policy Announcement (December 10, 2001) • Policy announced to blend 5% ethanol with petrol • Inter Ministerial Task Force constituted • Rs 4 Cr.(US$ 1 Mill.) for R&D on Ethanol gasoline blends • Amend Sugar Development Act for financing Ethanol • Budget of Feb 2002 -Excise duty concession of Rs 0.30/L valid till 2004 and now withdrawn • Parliament Announcement (March 20, 2002) – Committee report highlighting ethanol as most appropriate oxygenate Page 11 of 37

  11. INDIAN ETHANOL SCENARIO • Auto fuel Policy Report of Expert committee (August 2002) – Development of technologies for producing ethanol and biofuels from different renewable sources for vehicles should be encouraged • September 13, 2002 Notification making 5% Ethanol blending in gasoline mandatory in 9 States (Sugar producing States)& 4 UTs by January1, 2003, extended to Oct-1,2003. • Oct-21, 2004 Notification made blending conditional: Availability • Present requirement and status • Phase I requirements • - around 350 million liters for 9 states and 4 UTs • -500 million liters for whole country • -capacity setup of 500 million liters • Present Status • - About 100 plants with capacity of 1300 million liters Page 12 of 37

  12. Year Sugar (MMT) Molasses (MMT) Ethanol (million liters) Potential Actual 1989-99 15.5 7.1 1597 1320 1999-20 18.2 8.0 1800 1380 2000-01 18.5 8.5 1980 1442 2006-07 24.7 11.3 2540 POTENTIAL AVAILABILITY OF ETHANOL AND MOLASSES IN INDIA • 50% of total production consumed by Chemical Industry Page 13 of 37

  13. ETHANOL BARRIERS & ISSUES • Reliance on single feed stock (molasses) within fluctuating production (sugar cane, water intensive) • Molasses can support only 5 to 7.5% blends • Control on use and price of sugar cane • Competing demand for ethanol – potable / industrial • Other feed stocks – sugar cane, wheat, sweet sorghum, tropical sugar beat Page 14 of 37

  14. BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASS • Bio-ethanol is produced by the sugar fermentation process. The sugar is obtained mainly from biomasses like corn, maize and wheat crops, waste straw, willow and popular trees, sawdust, reed canary grass, cord grasses, Jerusalem artichoke, myscanthus and sorghum plants. • Ethanol production from biomass involve two processes; • Recovery of sugar from biomass and • Sugar fermentation to ethanol Page 15 of 37

  15. ROADBLOCKS FOR ETHANOL • Develop Technology both of acid and enzymatic hydrolysis • Cost effective – low cost of enzymes • Well to wheel analysis – energy conversion efficiency • Flexibility for various feed stocks Page 16 of 37

  16. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GASOLINE AND GASOLINE/ETHANOL BLENDS Page 17 of 37

  17. OBSERVATIONS ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BLENDS • Increase in Octane with Ethanol blending offer opportunities to refineries for reducing Benzene and Aromatics • RVP increase with ethanol blending will require removal of lighter components to meet specifications of Vapor Lock Index. • Additional dosage of anti-oxidants will be required as ethanol increases the oxygen content in the blend to meet potential gum specification and engine deposit formation, storage stability. • Addition of corrosion inhibitors shall also be required as blends have been reported to cause problems on carburetor needle and float of two wheelers. Durability of engines comparable with neat gasoline • Startability and driveability of vehicles are satisfactory Page 18 of 37

  18. EMISSION FROM MOTORCYCLE CO/HC EMISSIONS FROM SCOOTER USING ALCOHOL BLENDS Page 19 of 37

  19. CO EMISSIONS FROM MPFI CAR USING ALCOHOL BLENDS Page 20 of 37

  20. ALDEHYDES EMISSIONS MEASUREMENTS Page 21 of 37

  21. INDIAN BIODIESEL SCENARIO Studies taken up on engines/vehicles: • Physico-chemical properties of HSD and Biodiesel blends • Storage, Stability and Material Compatibility • Startability, Driveability, power and Mass emission tests on vehicles • Production of Biodiesel at pilot plant stage & development of Technology • Testing of quality and recommendations thereof Other initiatives: • Testing of Railway engine with Biodiesel blends by Railways Research Centre • Performance and Emission studies by: • IIP, Escorts, Tata motors and Mahindra & Mahindra, Ashok Leyland, etc. • Field trials on buses by: • IIP, BEST (Mumbai), Haryana Roadways, Gujarat Roadways, Karnatka Roadways, Mercedes Benz, & Tata Motors, IOCL, etc. Page 22 of 37

  22. BIODIESEL PURCHASE POLICY • Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (Oct 9, 2005) • Effective from January 1, 2006 • Emphasis on • Quality Standard - IS15607 • Price - Rs. 25 / Litre landed at Designated Purchase Centre (DPC) • No. of 20 DPC • Biodiesel manufacturers to register at State Level Coordinators (SLC) of Oil Cos. • SLC to assess Biodiesel as per BIS specs. • Validity of Registration: 1 year (& renewable) • Priority: to producers using non-edible oils (& supporting farmers) • Industry Manual on Operations, Quality & Safety for Biodiesel to be made available by OMCs to Biodiesel Manufacturers • Comprehensive policy being formulated by Government Page 23 of 37

  23. INDIA’S REQUIREMENT OF BIODIESEL & LAND Biodiesel demand for different blendings Year Diesel Biodiesel Biodiesel Biodiesel Demand blend (5%) blend (10%) blend (20%) Mt Mt Mt Mt 2006-07 52.33 2.62 5.23 10.47 2011-12 66.90 3.35 6.69 13.38 Land required to produce Biodiesel raw material for Jatropha Curcas Year Land Area (Mha) Land area (Mha) Land area (Mha) for 5% blend for 10% blend 20% blend 2006-07 2.19 4.38 8.76 2011-12 2.79 5.58 11.19 Page 24 of 37

  24. NON EDIBLE VEGETABLE OILS POSSIBLE RAW MATERIALS FOR BIODIESEL O RATANJYOT O JATROPHA CURCAS O KARANJA O PONGAMIA GLABRA O MAHUA O MADHUCA INDICA O PILU O SALVADORA OLEOIDES O SAL O SHOREA ROBUSTA O NAHOR O MESUA FERRA LINN O KAMALA O MALLOTUS PHILLIPINES O KOKAM O GARCINIA INDICA O RUBBER SEED O HEVEA BRASILENSIS Page 25 of 37

  25. BIODIESEL: GENERAL PROCESS STEPS Vegetable Oil Methanol Mixing Transesterification 1-3 stages Catalyst (KOH/NaOH) Methanol Recovery Glycerine Separation Crude Glycerine Biodiesel Purification Bio diesel Page 26 of 37

  26. THE IMPORTANT FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED • Must be able to process variety of vegetable oils without or minimum modifications. • Must be able to process high free fatty containing oils/ feed stocks. • Must be able to process raw both expelled and refined oil. • Process should be environment friendly almost zero effluents. • Able to produce marketable by products glycerin, fatty acids, soap if any. • Must be able to produce fuel grade esters; Biodiesel produced should meet the standard specifications. • The process should be adaptable over a large range of production capacities. Page 27 of 37

  27. MAIN FEATURES OF HETEROGENOUS CATALYST BASED PROCESS • Flexibility for processing variety of vegetable oils separately or mixed. • Tolerance of of free fatty acids • Conversion of free fatty acids present in feed oils to biodiesel • Tolerate water in alcohol • No emulsion or soap formation • Catalyst can be recycled • Biodiesel produced meets the standard specification (ASTM, European or proposed BIS). • Process can be adapted to wide range of production capacities. Page 28of 37

  28. ROADBLOCKS FOR BIODIESEL • Feedstock cost is the most important factor (constitutes 80% of the cost) • Single feed stock- Jatropha curcas- need to be diversified • High quality Jatropha through genetic modification, tissue culture routes to be developed • Difficulty due to varied agro-climatic conditions and uncertainty of likely yields in various regions – threat due to pests, seasonal variations • High growing period of Jatropha curcas plant (about 2- 6 years) • Major threat to agricultural food products such as wheat, rice, etc. as farmers may give priority to Jatropha. Page 29 of 37

  29. ROADBLOCKS FOR BIODIESEL • Huge quantity of byproduct such as cake and glycerin has to be converted into useful products. Expected Production (MMT) Page 30 of 37

  30. POSSIBLE UTILIZATION OF BYPRODUCTS • Glycerol • Conventional Uses • Conversion To Value Added Chemicals • Propane diols • Additives • Lubricants • Polymers / resins, etc. • Seed Cake • Animal Feed (After detoxification) • As Fertilizer • Liquid Fuel (By Pyrolysis) Page 31 of 37

  31. PYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BIODIESL/ BLENDS Page 32 of 37

  32. INDIAN VEHICLE REGULATIONS & BIODIESEL Page 33 of 37

  33. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFITS • Employment Generation in Rural areas • Low capital cost/intensity as compared to Petroleum refinery • Reduction in desertification and green of land mass • Afforestation & reforestation POTENTIAL CDM BENEFITS • 1 tonne of Diesel releases 3.2 tonnes of CO2 • Use of Biodiesel therefore gives a reduction of 2.51 Tonnes of CO2 • For production of 100,000 tonnes per year of BD the CO2 reduction works out to be 251,000 tonnes. • At a price of CER of US$ 5 per tonne of CO2 potential earning of US$1.25 mill per year • For 10 mill tonnes – earning potential for India by the year US$ 125 million ( Rs 565 Cr.) Page 34 of 37

  34. CONCLUSIONS • Biofuels for transport sector is not new. In present context of Energy security and Environmental concerns in the background of depleting fossil fuels and rising crude oil prices a renewed interest has emerged worldwide including most of the countries in Asia. • Use of bio-diesel and ethanol – a natural choice- for transport sector are emerging as promising bio-fuel candidates. Initially, 5% to 10% use of these fuels may be feasible in most Asian Countries • For sustainable Biofuel programmes cost-effective technology developments using variety of indigenous bio-mass sources needs to be considered Page 35 of 37

  35. CONCLUSIONS • For ethanol, besides molasses, starch & cellulosic biomass should be developed. Biodiesel program should consider flexibility for processing variety of vegetable oil along with value added utilization of byproducts; Glycerol & Seed cake • Need to develop a regional – international – cooperation / partnership on use of renewable / biofuels. • CDM needs to be institutionalized to accelerate commercialization • Ultimate solution lies in Energy conservation, Energy Efficiency and Renewable / Biofuel Energy to achieve Sustainable Human Development Page 36 of 37

  36. WE SHALL ENDEAVOR OUR EARTH TO PROVIDE INFINITE ENERGY SOURCE FOR PROSPEROUS LIFE OF FUTURE GENERATION……….WE MUST DO IT…. …..Thank you C O N T A C T S Indian Institute of Petroleum P.O. IIP, Mohkampur Dehradun – 248005 Uttaranchal India Tel: +91-135-2660205 Epabx : +91-135-2660113 to 116 Fax : +91-135-2660098, 2660203 E-mail : director@iip.res.in Web : www.iip.res.in Page 37 of 37

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