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Starter Question #9 (Pick one of the 3)

Starter Question #9 (Pick one of the 3). (1) Read  “Chicago Strike…”  What is collective bargaining? To what extent should teachers have the legal right to strike? 

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Starter Question #9 (Pick one of the 3)

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  1. Starter Question #9 (Pick one of the 3) • (1) Read “Chicago Strike…” What is collective bargaining? To what extent should teachers have the legal right to strike?  • (2) Read “Romney faces…”To what extent is Romney’s response to the press coverage of this video effective? Your answer should either identify effective statements he has already made or actions you feel would benefit his campaign.  • (3) Read “Syria Conflict” The Middle East is a rather complicated aspect of US foreign policy right now. What (if anything) can we do about the conflict in Syria? Identify two countries that would be affected by US action or inaction in Syria

  2. The Media By Mr. Miguel Academy of Our Lady of Guam

  3. Essential Questions • How strong of an effect does media have on us? • Are media a mirror of reality? What is news? What stories should take up space/time? What sources are credible? What should be emphasized?

  4. Primary functions of media • Inform the public • Entertain the public • Watchdog

  5. Who gets what news from where • Newspapers and Magazines • Radio • Television • The Internet Who gets what news from where

  6. Who Gets what news from where Traditionalists Integrators ¼ of public, news from TV but also go online for news daily Well to do, middle aged • Stick to network news as primary source • Older, less well-educated Net-Newsers Disengaged • More online news • Less educated, well off, younger • 18%, younger, less educated, least informed

  7. Newspapers and Magazines Newspapers Magazines More comprehensive Tend to be middle of the road Liberal: American prospect National Review, American Spectator: Conservative • Sales at a historic low • Only a dozen cities have more than 1 daily paper • USA Today, NYT, LA Times, Washington Post, Christian Science monitor – national circulation • Politics in newspaper?

  8. Radio and Television Radio Television Like the radio, allowed them to reach an even broader audience w/o need for print reporters Entertainment medium Narrowcasting Specifically Liberal: Michael Moore, Mother Jones Specifically conservatives: weekly standard, rush Limbaugh • Decline in newspapers 1900 = emergence of radio • More up to the minute, personal • 99% of American household own at least 1 radio • Non-commercial: National Public Radio (NPR) and Public Radio International

  9. The Internet • 2007 – 62% of American household – access to internet • 2008 – 37% went online for regular news • More than ¼ of Americans have a customized web page • More than 1/3 watch news shows and video clips online • All major news sources have websites • Slate, Salon, Politico, Huffington Post, Drudge Report – solely internet sources

  10. Problem How is it that information has become overwhelmingly easier to access but we as a nation are becoming even less politically informed?

  11. The Early American Press: Dependence on Government • Growing Media Independence • The Media Today: Concentrated corporate power • Regulation of Media Who Owns the Media, and How does that affect our news?

  12. Colonial Times • Early Republic • Antebellum/Civil War years • Media Today The Early American Press

  13. Dependence on government Colonial times Early Republic Anything but free and independent Newspapers still risky business financially Jackson -> offered friendly papers the opportunity to print government documents Mass democracy, less elitist style • Printers needed government approval • Avoided controversial political reporting • Radical patriot movement – become more aggressive at securing a supportive press • 1st Amendment -> Federalist papers

  14. Growing Media Independence Antebellum/Civil War Civil War Yellow Journalism Helped them achieve independence from parties and politicians, but lowered standards of journalism • Effort to be objective: driven by economic imperatives of selling newspapers to large numbers of people who do not share the same political views • Prior to 1833 – newspapers = expensive • New York Sun: penny a copy; superficial reporting

  15. The Media Today: Concentrated Corporate Power • Media Monopoly • 5 companies own a majority of media outlets • Implications • Commercial Bias • Reduced emphasis on political news • Content lightened and dramatized • Conflict in interests prevents certain news stories from being translated

  16. Alternatives to Corporate Media • Public radio and television • Britain and other European countries • Alternative Press – intended to offer a radial alternative to mainstream media • Internet • Allows any motivated ind. To get around the biases of mainstream media

  17. Regulation of Media • Media = mostly privately owned • Freedom of the press: keeps print media almost free of restriction; broadcast media is treated differently • 1934Federal Communications Act: Creates Federal Communications Commission (FCC) – independent regulatory agency

  18. FCC The Equal Time Rule: if a station allows a candidate for office to buy or use airtime outside of regular news broadcasts, it must allow candidates that opportunity The Fairness Doctrine: requires stations that give free airtime to issues that concerned the public and to opposing sides when controversial issues were covered The Right of Rebuttal: Individuals whose reputations are damaged on air have a right to respond 1996 Telecommunications Act – permits ownership of multiple stations/can’t reach more than 35% of market

  19. Internet • Net neutrality – NO restrictions!

  20. Starter Questions 10a and 10b • Read "Why it's time..." and "Why they won't..." Do you feel that Romney's comments constitute a genuine "shift" to the middle? If so, do you feel it is for show or that is his true colors? Identify changes topics or slogans that you anticipate from President Obama. To what extent will those issues be determined by the battleground states. •  Next get a laptop and follow the link to the second article. Scroll through the 17 photographs that chronicle recent tension between the Muslim and non-Muslim world. What should the non-Muslim world "learn" from this article?

  21. What roles do journalists play? • Who chooses Journalism? • What Journalists Believe: Is there an ideological bias in the Media • The Growth of the Washington Press Corps Who Are Journalists?

  22. What role do Journalists Pay? Gatekeepers Disseminators Role confined to getting facts of the story straight and moving the news out to the public quickly Criticism: simple dissemination does nothing to help citizens understand the news • Decide what news gets covered (or not) and how

  23. What role do journalists play? Interpretive/investigators Public Mobilizes Develop the cultural and intellectual interests of the public , set the political agenda, and let the people express their views Civic Journalism: movement among journalists to be responsive to citizen input in determining what news stories to cover Media = takes a democratic turn • Combines functions of investigating government's claims, analyzing and interpreting complex problems, and discussing public politics in a timely way • Muckrakers

  24. Who chooses Journalism? Some numbers for you.. Do demographics make a difference? Ex. Most mainstream media focus on issues concerning white middle class America and reflect the values of that population • 2/3 of journalist work in print media, 1/3 are in broadcast journalism • 67% Male, 33% women • 15-34 = 30% of journalist • 85.4% white (non Hispanic) • 46% (protestant)

  25. Is there Bias in Media? • The more educated people are, the more liberal their views end to be – and journalists are well-educated lot on the whole • the media is slightly more liberal than the rest of America • Studies suggest it has little effect…no discernable overall ideological bias in media • Growth in perception that the media = bias coincides with the growth of a more partisan tone in media

  26. Growth in the Washington Press Corps • America = organized into beats (identifiable areas of reporting) • Ex: police, politics, business, education, sports • More specialized =White House, Congress, Supreme Court • The Revolving Door: practice of journalists taking positions in government and then returning to journalism again, or vice versa, perhaps several times over • Rise of the Pundit • Observer/commentator on politics • Meant to check power of the politicians

  27. The Shaping of Public Opinions • The Portrayal of Politics as Conflict and Image • Politics as Public Relations The Media and Politics

  28. The Shaping of Public Opinion • Agenda Setting: Deciding what is news and what we should pay attention to • Priming: ways media influence how people and events should be evaluated by things that they emphasize as important • Framing: A political event could look diff. depending on how the media frames it • Persuasion by Professional Communication

  29. The Portrayal of Politics as Conflict and Image • Horse-Race Journalism • Emphasis on Image • Scandal Watching • Growing Negativism, Increased Cynicism • Consequences of Emphasis on Conflict and Image

  30. Politics as Public Relations • Permanent Campaign: effort to control media, emphasis on short-term gain over long-term priorities and the making of policy decisions with an eye to political impact • News Management: Describes chief mechanism of this campaign: efforts to control the news about the politicians

  31. News Management Techniques Tight Control of information Tight control of access to the politician Press conferences, guest appearances • Staffers pick a “line of the day” Elaborate communications bureaucracy A concerted efforts to bypass the White House • Press secretaries • Speech writers • Publicliasions • Go to TV talks hows or late night TV or other forums that go directly to the public

  32. News Management Strategies Prepackaging the news in sound bites Leaks Secretly revealing confidential information to the press Trial balloon: which an official leaks a policy or plan in order to gauge public reaction If positive, go ahead with out risk, if negative, deny it was ever mentioned • Let the staffers decide what sound bites to use • Work on catchy and memorable phrasing

  33. News Management in the Bush Administration and Beyond Bush = good job at news management Private events Paid journalists Covert propaganda - Use reporters to ask supportive questions during Press Conferences

  34. Reduction in Political Accountability Who do we hold accountable?

  35. The New Media • Civic Journalism The Citizens and Media

  36. Essential Question • Directions: Keep the following question in mind. You will be asked to comment prior to leaving the class. • Evaluate whether American mass media has become too powerful. In particular, is the impact of mass media on public opinion and public outcomes consistent with the concepts of limited gov’t and balanced power. Is there any democratic way to hold mass media organizations accountable for their behavior?

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