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The Rise of Nazism Lecture 11 10 April 2012

HIST2133. The Weimar Republic through Documents, 1918-1933. The Rise of Nazism Lecture 11 10 April 2012. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945). * 20 April 1889 , Braunau am Inn (Austria) 1895 in Linz (Lower Austria) 1903 in Vienna (capital of A-H) 1913 in Munich (Bavaria, Germany)

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The Rise of Nazism Lecture 11 10 April 2012

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  1. HIST2133. The Weimar Republic through Documents, 1918-1933 The Rise of Nazism Lecture 11 10 April 2012

  2. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) • * 20 April 1889, Braunau am Inn (Austria) • 1895 in Linz(Lower Austria) • 1903 in Vienna (capital of A-H) • 1913 in Munich(Bavaria, Germany) • 1914-18 in World War I (Bavarian army) • 1919 with DAP in Munich: Member No. 55 (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei = German Workers’ Party)

  3. Common Prejudices vs. Jews • Deeply rooted in Christian religion • Fears of Jewish world conspiracy + dominance • Jews seen as alien elements / parasites / bacillus + enemies to ‘Aryan race’ + hostile to nation’s ‘healthy body’

  4. How Many German Jews lived in Germany in 1933? Ca. 500,000 German Jews (1933) + + an unknown number of people of Jewish descent 65,362,000 million Germans (1933) = 0,77 % Jews

  5. Deutsche Arbeiter-Partei (DAP)German Workers’ Party • Tiny right-wing party in Munich, Bavaria, created during post-war period (1919) • Twenty-Five Point Program(24 Feb 1920): Combining nationalist, socialist, anti- capitalist, anti-Semitic ideas • Hitler increasingly dominating figure with small closed-up circle of staff

  6. NSDAP • DAP renamed (1920/1) Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei = National Socialist German Workers’ Party: → Swastika (Hakenkreuz) as party emblem + Völkischer Beobachter (‘Racial Observer’) as major party organ • Hitler first chairman (29 Jul 1921 → Strong powers → Major group of supporters: Rosenberg, Hess, Göring, Amann

  7. Mein Kampf (1) • Munich Beer Hall Putsch 8/9 Nov 1923: → Hitler’s + Ludendorff’s failed attempt to establish rightist dictatorship in Germany → call for ‘March to Berlin’ from Munich → Hitler & others arrested • Hitler sentenced to 5 years in jail but sits only 9 months in Landsberg prison = Book Mein Kampf (‘My struggle’), 1925-6: The ‘Bible of National Socialism’ = Zweites Buch (‘Second Book’), 1928: Mostly on foreign politics

  8. Mein Kampf (2) ► Four types of states: Voluntary, liberal- democratic, nationalist, racial ► Major concerns of state: race, cleanness of race, modern birth control, sports, army, racial knowledge, patriotism & national pride

  9. Mein Kampf (3) Three types of human beings globally: • Founders of civilization (Kulturbegründer): Aryans: Germanics + North Americans • Bearers of civilization (Kulturträger): Japanese + Orientals / Asians • Destroyers of civilization (Kulturzerstörer): Jews + ‘Gypsies’ + Africans, etc.

  10. Mein Kampf (4) • Economic theories: • Breaking of interest-slavery (Zinsknechtschaft) • National self-sufficiency + Economic independence = Autarchy (Autarkie) • National state capitalism

  11. Mein Kampf (5) Jews: • In strong contrast to Aryans • No own but only borrowed culture • Nakedly egoistic + parasites • Judaism not religion but race • Seek to destroy Germans + Germany • Responsible for both Capitalism + Marxism (‘the Modernity’)

  12. Mein Kampf (6) • Violently, extremely nationalist text • Anti-Marxist, anti-Bolshevist but ‘truly’ socialist • Race (Rasse) as guiding principle: Anti-Semitic • Darwinist theory of struggle → Social Darwinism (Survival of the fittest) • Anti-liberal, anti-parliamentary, anti-Catholic, anti-French • Peoples’ community (Volksgemeinschaft) • Autarchy& living space (Lebensraum)

  13. NSDAP (1925) ‘New founding’ with Hitler’s come-back (1925) with 3 principles: • Putsch replaced by legal tactics to achieve mobilisation of masses • Centralised organisation to separate her clearly from other völkisch & nationalist parties + to place SA under Hitler • Absolute obedient tool of Führer (leader) H as party dictator

  14. NSDAP typical features • Creation of special ‘milieu’ to form party into microcosm of German society → many support organisations for workers, students, artists, intellectuals, farmers, etc. • Launching of mass propaganda actions: Young Plan + global economic crisis (1929)

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