Post-Holocaust Demands, Office of War Information, USO, Soviet Justification, Containment, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrin

1. After the Holocaust & Nuremberg Trials what are the Jewish people demanding & how does it happen? • What did the Office of War Information do during the War? • What was the United Service Organization (USO)? • Explain the Soviet Justification for the E. European Satellite nations: • Explain the policy of Containment: • Explain the Marshall Plan • Explain the Truman Doctrine • Explain economic & political differences between the U.S. & USSR: • Explain the Berlin Airlift: • Who falls to Communism in 1949? Did this help or hurt Truman’s policy of Containment? • Who sets up what govts in N.Korea & S.Korea • What happens in 1950 in Korea • Who does Truman go to besides Congress to fight N.Korea ? • How can he get past the VETO power of USSR & China? • Who leads the UN Forces and is he successful? • What were the changes in the Korean War mission and was this successful? • What happens when UN & US forces near the Yalu River? • What does Truman do to MacArthur when he takes his case to the American people trying to override Truman’s decision? • How does the Korean War end in a stalemate?

2. Encouraged from victory, Truman changed goal: Unite all Korea(mistake!) • Crossed 38th parallel & marching to Yalu River (border between Korea & China) (4th stopped here) • Chinese (Communist) invaded & helped N.Korea push the UN forces back beyond 38th parallel (cease fire) • Although failed to reunite Korea (secondary goal) Communism contained! Containment works! • Korea still 2 nations (S.Korea capitalistic democracy & N.Korea communist totalitarian dictatorship with hereditary communism Kim Il-sung & Kim Jong-Il & now Kim Jong-un)

3. NATO is a formal alliance between the territories of North American and Europe. purpose was to defend each other from the possibility of communist Soviet Union taking control of their nation. WARSAW Pact was Soviet Union’s reaction

4. Watch 60 minutes 0-10:00 &19:00-22:30

5. McCarthyism • When Soviets successfully tested atomic bomb in 1949, Red Scare intensified 2/12/1950 –Sen. Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin delivered Lincoln’s B-day speech in Wheeling, WV: “I have here a list of 205 names that were made known to sec. of state as being members of Communist Party & are still working in the State dept.” • 1st term Wisconsin Senator looking to get re-elected, Press ran story Triggered a 4 ½ yr crusade to hunt down alleged communists in govt. • No evidence or support to back his claim but it helped him get re-electedHe failed to unearth a single confirmed communist in govt but kept the country in turmoil • disgruntled federal employees who had axes to grind with their bosses accused them of being Communist –Witch Hunt!!!!!

6. McCarthyism in Action • Secret of his power was the fear he caused with his senate colleagues / other senators ran scared. • Attacked wealthy, famous & privileged so popular • Cont. to claim communists were a threat at home & soon congressional hearings accusing anyone & everyone –became a witch hunt –people afraid to challenge him • Through Truman & Ike’s term (Ike’s advisors told him to use his great prestige to stop McCarthy & Ike said: “I will not get into a pissing contest w/ that skunk” • For weeks Americans watched him bully, harass & accuse enough good Americans that he finally lost power(McCarthyism-making of false accusations based on rumor) • Welsh an army lawyer exploded & said: “do you have no decency, sir?” Americans cheer! (320 falsely accused) • U.S. Senate censored him (worst punishment) died 3 yrs later virtually unnoticed & unmourned • one of the most shameful moments in modern U.S. history. 3rd stopped here

9. Duck & Cover

10. Fall Out Shelters in 1950’s • During the Cold War Americans felt threatened by the possibility of a nuclear war and sought ways to survive an attack. • Started in 1949 when Truman announced the USSR had successfully detonated an atomic bomb • In 1950 w/ introduction of Hydrogen Bomb fear grew (more powerful than atomic) • In 1957 fear grew worse when Report during IKE’s yrs said USSR had surpassed us in all Nuclear weaponry & Sputnik

11. Truman ran for re-election & beat Dewey very narrowly but after serving almost 2 full terms decided not to run again- • IKE (D-Day Hero) won 1952 • IKE 2 terms until Kennedy president 1960 (1st Catholic) beat Nixon (1st televised debate) • television in the 50s & 60s was like radio in the 20’s & 30s JFK LBJ NIXON

12. Space Race • Oct. 4, 1957 (IKE) Soviets launched 1stsatellite to orbit earth (Sputnik) (watershed moment) • 1st artificial satelitte to orbit the earth • Wake up call since our victory in WWII • Then days later the Russians revealed they had the Hydrogen bomb (10 x more destructive then Atomic bomb) -U.S. had detonated Hydrogen bomb in 1952 on a South Pacific Island.(operation Ivy) • Senator LBJ said: “Soon Russians will be dropping bombs on us from space like kids drop rocks on cars from overpasses.” • A worried U.S. created NASA (National Aeronautical Space Administration) to study missile research & space exploration. • National Defense Education Act – provided $ for education in science & math (NDE)- (Feds enter public education for 1st time) • Show Sputnik Mania ipod 0-5:00 (ipod)

13. 1961 –(JFK) Soviets had 1stastronaut orbit the earth (6 weeks later JFK committed to putting a man on the moon by end of decade)(400,000 people working for NASA) (video of JFK moon talk) • 1962–John Glenn became 1st American to orbit earth • 1969 – Apollo landed on the moon Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin (lunar module called “eagle” – “the eagle has landed”) • Armstrong became the 1st man to walk on moon & said: “That’s one small step for a man & one giant leap for mankind” • Show Moonshot pt.2 ipod Landing on the moon 32:29-39:00 (U.S. won the space race & showed its superiority to the Soviets) • Apollo sent 12 astronauts to the moon between 1969 – 1972) Sally Ride 1st Female Astronaut led to Satellites, GPS, Robotics, space shuttle, Mars rover, & hubble telescope

14. Castro & Cuba • Cuba is American Protectorate ever since Spanish-American War & leasing Guantanamo Bay • 1933-1959 Cuba was ruled by military Dictator Batista • 1956 – guerrilla movement led by law student Fidel Castro began revolution • Castro’s revolt success & U.S. recognized new govt • Slowly relations turn bad: • Mass public trials & executions (U.S. & UN denounce) • U.S. accepted thousands refugees • Castro seized businesses owned by Americans (why did Castro do this?) • U.S. cut off trade (sugar) (embargo!) (why did we do this?) • Cuba welcomed Soviet advisors (yikes!) Communists too close for comfort / Khrushevev was expressing intent to build up Cuba’s military / Ike feared Soviets would use Cuba as a base from which to spread communism in W.Hemisphere-omg!

15. Bay of Pigs • During IKE’s term CIA training Cuban refugees for invasion of Cuba • Hoped invasion set off uprising to overthrow Castro • JFK inaugurated 3 months later reluctantly agrees as long as no U.S. troops used & canceled air support to keep U.S. involvement a secret (sure to fail w/ out air power!) • 4/17/61 1,400 Cuban exiles land southern coast Cuba known as Bay of Pigs (boats ran into coral reefs) • Of 1,400 only 135 trained soldiers (others barely knew how to fire rifle)

16. Castrol surrounded invaders, captured & killed many of the 1,400 (no uprising) (invaders rotted in Cuban prison for 2 yrs before ransomed for $62 million in humanitarian supplies) • After Bay of Pigs& covert Assassination attempts on Castro by CIA (many believe this is why Oswald kills Kennedy) • threatened by U.S. involvement Cuba became Communist & signed pact w/ USSR (before Bay of Pigs just meeting w/ Soviets now they become Communist

17. Cuban Missile Crisis • Khrushchev took advantage of U.S./Cuban strain by secretly & speedily installing nuclear-tipped missiles in Cuba • (summer62) CIA reported 65 sites getting set up for missiles – missiles not installed yet (U-2 flight photos) • If missiles installed could reach U.S. in 3 minutes • JFK & Krushchev began game of “Nuclear Chicken” (brinkmanship or Massive Retaliation) • What are JFK’s options in game of chicken? • options: let missiles in, all out war w/ USS(military advise of air attack on missile sites) or middle course strategy • (JFK chose middle road) JFK ordered naval blockade of Cuba so USSR couldn’t deliver missiles • JFK told USSR to dismantle missile sites or face war • told Soviets any attack from Cuba would be seen as Soviet attack & retaliation on Russian heartland would occur!!

18. For an anxious week Americans prepared for Soviet ships to reach U.S. blockade • 12 Soviet ships heading toward Cuba w/ missiles then turned back & agree to dismantle as long as U.S. agrees not to invade Cuba • Cold War tensions High (Game of Chicken: Khrushchev flinched)(who had flinched in Berlin Blockade w/ Truman??) • (agreement: missiles removed & U.S. leave Cuba alone)(secret part: U.S. quietly promised to remove missiles in Turkey aimed at U.S.S.R) • In 1991 learned how close to Nuclear War when Russians disclosed that Nuclear missiles & subs were already in Cuba (ordered to be fired at U.S. if Cuba was attacked)yikes!!

20. Show America the Story of Us: Superpower 40:32-43:00

21. Fall out for Khrushchev in USSR • Disgraced & run out of govt (Kremlin) & Khrushchev became an “unperson” • Moscow vowed never again to be humiliated in a nuclear face-off w/ U.S. & launched an enormous program of military expansion • Kennedy’s policy was known as détente–means relaxation in French (peaceful co-existence w/ USSR) • Show history of cuba/US relations

22. The Killing of Kennedy • 11/22/63 –while riding in an open limousine in Dallas JFK was shot in brain & died w/ in seconds • LBJ sworn in on plane back to DC w/ Kennedy’s body. • Lee Harvey Oswald (Russian wife & lived in USSR) was caught in a theater & arrested then shot to death on camera by Jack Ruby • LBJ finished last yr JFK & wins election of 1964 (he won’t run again in 1968 because of Vietnam War) • Warren commission to investigate (communist plot /Castro? )(no evidence to prove plot) • (show JFK presidency itunes 18:46)

23. Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society • Domestic policy included war on poverty, civil rights, & voting rights • “create an America in which all people had food, clothes, & jobs & race didn’t keep a person from advancement” LBJ • In memory of JFK, passed Civil Rights Act of 1964 /also Voting Rights Act of 1965-Outlawed Literacy Tests • Medicare – health insurance for elderly(added to Social Security) • Medicaid – medical benefits for poor(added to Social Security) • Goal was to finish FDR’s New Deal (LBJ believed was interrupted by World War II) (show LBJ itunes)

24. Vietnam Background • 2,000 yrs of Vietnam resisting foreign control (China, France, Japan & US) • Japan occupied Vietnam during WWII • After WWII, France came to reclaim old colony (Imperialistic colony of France called Indochina = Vietnam, Cambodia & Laos) (problem from Imperialism era)(when else had France quit & U.S. picked up baton??) • Ho Chi Min appeals to U.S. (@ Versailles & after WWII) & when U.S. ignores him, he turns to Communists (China & USSR) for support against French. • France fighting Communist rebels but quit in 1954 – Geneva Accords – Vietnam divided at 17th Parallel (N. Vietnam led by communist Ho Chi Minh & S. Vietnam led by Bao Dai (democracy)

25. U.S. Involvement in Vietnam • 1950s IKEsent $ to S. Vietnam because of “Domino Theory” =if Vietnam falls all SE Asia falls w/ resources • 1961 Kennedy ordered 15,000 advisors into Vietnam • LBJ determined not to let SE Asia fall to communism (Containment) stepped up US troops in 1964 -28,000 & 1965-184,000 & by 1969-541,000 Troops “we seek no wider war- cautious & restraint” (keep China out) • Used Tonkin Gulf Incident to win support-North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked US destroyer in international waters (used this to increase troops) • later learned destroyer might have been in enemy waters & aiding S. Vietnam in spying & commando raids • Tonkin Gulf Resolution – Congress gave Johnson blank check to do what was necessary to keep communist from taking over S. Vietnam (“The American Flag has been fired upon & we cannot tolerate such a thing”)”Rolling Thunder” = more bombs dropped than all WWII • Congress gave Pres authority “to take all necessary measures” handing war power to the President -war powers

26. Tet Offensive • Ho Chi Min Trail – into Laos & Campodia • (1/31/68) – Tet was Buddhist celebration of New Year & farmers arriving for celebration • Coffins filled w/ weapons & farmers carrying in supplies for celebration hidden under rice truck were weapons. They were Vietcong & that night launched attack on 100 towns in S. Vietnam & 12 U.S. air bases (turning point)(N.Vietnam planning 7 months) Watch Vietnam HD • TetOffesive 6:55 – 10:00 (5:28)Command Decisions • LBJ says he won’t run again –Nixon wins Presidency on “Peace w/ honor” (3 yr peace talks but no success) • S.Vietnam knows war isn't popular in U.S. so delay delay and delay • Nixon (Victory w/ Honor)beats VP Hubert Humphrey - very close election (might be reason why Watergate break-in) 1:31

27. Nixon’s Vietnamization– slowly withdraw 540,000 troops & let S. Vietnam take over burden, • However, massive bombing tactics not only in Vietnam but extended to Cambodia & Laos. (B ended here)TetOffesive 6:55 – 10:00 • American people angered more by widening of war to 2 neutral countries. • 1/71 only 344,000 troops remain (down 36%) since Nixon took office –However he doesn’t want S.Vietnam to fall on his watch (no pres wants the loss) B ended here

28. Vietnam Protests at home & the end of the war • By 1970, Vietnam conflict had become longest in history (been on going since 1961) 1970 only 29% Americans support war. • April 1970 Nixon ordered U.S. forces to clear out by bombing neutral Cambodia & Laos. (instead of ending war that he won election on he expanded it) • Students at home responded (riots, protests, rebellions) (1/3 of all college campuses having protests) • Kent State protest (National Guard fired into crowd killing 4)(one of students was just going to class) (From Boston Massacre & Bonus Army to Vietnam never popular when troops fire on protestors) • June 1970 Nixon removed troops from Cambodia • Senate repealed Tonkin Gulf Resolution = Blank Check of 1964 later pass War Powers Act 1973 • Spring 1971 Rallies & protests intensified (66% Americans wanted out)Watch Peace w/ Honor Vietnam HD 17:38-19:10

29. Pulled out finally in Jan. 27, 1973 – (Paris Peace Accords) (2.5 m. Americans served in Vietnam & avg age 22)(58,272 died) (Peace w/ Honor Vietnam HD 26:00-28:00) • S. Vietnam who has been receiving U.S. $ since 1954 are cut off from aid by 74% (can’t hold out against Communists) • 2 yrs later March 1975 S. Vietnam fell to Communist N. Vietnam (still Communist today)(50, 000 S. Vietnamese flee out into the open sea hoping to be rescued) • It wasn’t until 1995 that we officially recognized Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1st ambassador was a POW for 6yrs (Vietnam has now initiated profit motive by returning private property and private business) • (show Peace w/ Honor 32:49-to end)

30. Pre - Water Gate: • Lies from our Govt: Tonkin Gulf incident, win election on getting us out of War & expand war • “Pentagon Papers”-govt official who had access to Pentagon top secret documents takes pictures & releases them to NY Times (Secret bombings of Cambodia & Laos) (After this paranoid Nixon decided to tape every conversation to have leverage over peoples heads) (blackmail) • Nixon had two very close elections: • one he lost to JFK (IL Mafia) in 1960 • one he won to Hubert Humphrey in 1968 - so organized CREP (committee to re-elect President) (take any action necessary)

31. Watergate • June 17, 1972 - 5 men caught breaking into Democratic headquarters at Watergate Apartments • Men intended to photograph documents & plant bugs • Men were all campaign workers hired to re-elect Nixon (Republican) (dead giveaway was men wearing suits) (CREP) • White House denied any connection (more lies by our govt: Tonkin Gulf incident, win election on ending war & then escalate it & now Watergate)

32. Steps taken to cover-up who in White House connected to burglars • shredded documents, destroyed tapes, asked & coerced FBI to stop investigation & men caught were paid to keep silence • 2 Washington reporters continued probe (Bob Woodward & Carl Bernstein) • Nixon re-elected to 2nd term but cloud remained

33. Watergate exposed • Congress started hearings : • an aid revealed that there was a taping system to record conversations in the Oval Office. • Congress Subpoenas tapes & Nixon refuses under executive privilege & national security reasons – case goes to Supreme Court • Nixon argued tapes contained private conversations between the president and advisors. The Supreme Court did not agree. (9-0) The court ordered him to release the tapes. • Finally under intense investigation w/ White House tapes seized & Congressional hearings start Impeachment proceedings (obstruction of justice -18 min cut out of tapes), Nixon resignedwhen H of R approved impeachment proceedings (1st ever to resign) (end of notesheet) Show America the Story of Us: Millenium 4:25 – 10:00 (11:15-13:13 Watergate)

34. It was clear Nixon presidency involved in serious manipulation and abuses of power for years • The investigation into Watergate scandal Summary revealed that Nixon knew about the break-in from the beginning and that he was involved in the cover-up as it progressed. • Mark Felt in 2005 admitted being the “Deep Throat”= informant for the Washington Post reporters (worked high up in FBI & upset when passed over to head up FBI when J Edgar Hoover retired. & angered by Nixon’s attempt to manipulate the FBI to stop investigations.) • Show America the Story of Us: Millenium 4:25 – 10:00 (11:15-13:13 Watergate)

35. MLK & effective mode of Protest • Al Gore Sr. & Estes Kefauve • Sit ins & Freedom Rides • March on Washington • What is the significance of the Civil Rights Act 1964? • What is a Fall out shelter & what are duck & cover drills? • Who was Joseph McCarthy & how did he cause hysteria in the U.S.? • Sputnik / How was Sputnik a wake up call? • What is NASA & NDEA & why were they created? • John Glen / Neil Armstrong / Buzz Aldrin • Who is Nikita Khruschvev? • Explain the U-2 incident & how it caused more tensions between the U.S. & USSR:

36. Explain how Fidel Castro began? • Explain how the relationship w/ Cuba & Castro went bad with the U.S • What was the CIA’s plan to oust Castro? • Explain IKE’s reasoning for authorizing the Bay of Pigs invasion: • What decision must JFK make about the CIA plan & what does he change? • What happens during the attempted invasion at the Bay of Pigs? • What did Cuba do after the Bay of Pigs? • How did Khruschev take advantage of the bad relations between the U.S. & Cuba? • What did U-2 spy planes discover in Cuba that alarmed the country so much? • How did JFK respond? • In the game of chicken who won? (brinkmanship) • Who shot Kennedy & why & who shot the assassin & why & what was the Warren Commission?

37. Vietnam’s History • Ho Chi Min v. BaoDiem • Geneva Accords & France’s involvement • IKE did what in Vietnam • JFK did what in Vietnam • LBJ did what in Vietnam • Tonkin Gulf incident & Resolution (Blank Check) • “Rolling Thunder” by LBJ • Tet Offensive (turning point of U.S. opinions)

38. China (Nationalist v. Communist after WWII) • 1949 Atomic Bomb & China • Korea after WWII (who occupied what & where & what type of govts did they est?) • June 25th, 1950 in Korea • How does Truman respond to N. Korea invading S. Korea • How does Truman change goals when UN & US forces reach the 38th parallel?

39. Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society: • Vietnam’s history • End of WWII in Vietnam • Geneva Accords • 17th Parallel • Kennedy in Vietnam • Lyndon Johnson & Tonkin Gulf Incident / Tonkin Gulf Resolution • What was Congress giving away to the President • Ho Chi Min Trail (what two countries)(purpose)(leader)(what was the problem?) • Tet Offensive • How was the Tet Offensive turning Point • 1970 Senate repealed what Presidential Power in Vietnam • What did U.S. do in 1973 & what was the result in Vietnam?

40. Yalta • United Nations • UN’s purpose • How will the UN be different then the League of Nations? • German Occupation by Allies • Iron Curtain Speech • Satellite Nations • Truman Doctrine Containment (Greece & Turkey) • Marshall Plan ($12 Billion) • Philippines • Japan

41. West v. East coming into Germany to take Hitler (Normandy D-Day, Soviet movement & Berlin) Satelite Nations Iron Curtain Germany

42. Stalin blockades Berlin from West why? • Truman reaction? & how does it fall in line w/ the Truman Doctrine • Game of chicken (what is this called?) & who blinks 1st ?

43. Dove • Guerilla • Eisenhower’s domino theory in S.E. Asia & Vietnam (Party politics) • Credibility gap • Why Johnson didn’t want to order full scale attack on N.Vietnam • Objections to the draft? • Which event was significant in turning public opinion against war in Vietnam? • Gradual removal of U.S. troops so S. Vietnam could take on fight by themselves? • Legacy of Vietnam War • War Powers Act 1973 • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution increased the powers of what part of government? • 26th Amendment?