Unit One Exam Review

1. Unit One Exam Review Multiple Choice Questions

2. 45 The Neolithic Revolutions began around 10,000 BCE with the • First humans bands of hunters and gatherers • Adoption of metals for tools instead of stone • Rise of the first human towns and cities • Advent of sedentary agriculture and domestication of animals • Development of complex institutions such as government and religion

3. 45 The period of Neolithic Revolutions and river valley civilizations ended when • Widespread invasions and new technologies led to rise of large empires • Various civilizations first established contacts between regions • Iron was introduced • Civilizations developed writing • Epidemic diseases destroyed the first civilizations

4. 45 The first truly revolutionary transformation of human society was • Use of fire • Smelting of metals such as copper • Growth of towns and cities • Rise of farming • Rise of specialized classes

5. 45 Women were probably the first farmers because • Men exclusively hunted • As gatherers they generally knew what seeds to eat and where they grew • Women had ample free time to develop farming • Records from this period indicate women originated farming • In subsequent civilizations, all women in societies were farmers

6. 45 Agricultural surpluses seem to have led most directly to • The rise of cities • The outbreak of war • Monotheistic faiths • The extinction of Paleolithic peoples • Specialized services and socially differentiated hierarchies

7. 45 Compared to river valley cultures in Egypt and Mesopotamia, Chinese civilization • Probably developed after civilizations in the Nile valley and SW Asia • Predates the rise of civilization in Egypt and Mesopotamia • Developed at the same time as Egypt and Mesopotamia • Did not rely on heavy irrigation as year-round water was plentiful • Has no verifiable historic origins and left no written records

8. 45 The Aryan invaders of the Indus Valley • Were quick to assimilate Harappan culture and abandon their warrior culture • Settled in Indus cities and took over Harappan farms • Are related to the Indo Europeans and Iranians • Had little use for horses and cattle • Quickly overran India, eradicating the original inhabitants

9. 45 In early China, unity and cultural identity were provided by • Divine monarchies • Shared religious ceremonies • A uniform spoken language • Buddhism • Common system of writing

10. 45 The start of sedentary agriculture • Occurred at the same time in various places and spread around the world • Began only in West Africa • Started in SW Asia first but developed independently elsewhere • Arose in river valleys of China • Began after abandonment of hunting and gathering

11. 45 In the influence of geography upon culture, Chinese civilization most closely resembles • India • Egypt • Greece • Mesopotamia • Rome

12. 45 Confucianism, Daoism and Legalism • Were officially sanctioned doctrines of the Q’in and Ham empires • Are monotheistic religions, which developed in classical China • Emphasized the needs of the individual over the welfare of the state • Had little influence upon Chinese society until the late 900s CE • Originated as responses to societal problems during times of disruption

13. 45 Confucian social relationships • Established a hierarchy and insisted upon reciprocal duties between people • Taught its practitioners to seek inner harmony with the natural way • Used rewards for correct behavior and punishment for sins • Were based on universal love and forgiveness • Stressed the welfare and interests of the state

14. 45 The Q’in Dynasty differed from the Zhou in that • It was more centralized • It eventually declined and fell • It practiced Confucianism • It was defeated by invading Huns • It lasted longer

15. 45 During the Han Dynasty, scholar officials • Lost their governmental offices to aristocrats • Came increasingly from the merchant and peasant classes • Utilized Legalism as a ruling doctrine • Insisted on harsh law codes to maintain control • Instituted a system of examination to prepare professional civil servants

16. 45 One of China’s key economic strengths was • Early introduction of steam powered equipment • Government encouragement of the merchant class • Cheap slave labor • Extensive overseas trade • High levels of technological innovation

17. 45 Classical Chinese civilization was ruled by all of the following EXCEPT • The Shang • The Zhou • The Q’in • The Han • Wu Ti

18. 45 China’s classical period gave rise to all of the following EXCEPT • Buddhism • Daoism • Legalism • Mohism • Confucianism

19. 45 The Q’in Dynasty was marked by all of the following EXCEPT • The decrease in power held by regional rulers • The building of a Great Wall • An increase in economic status of peasants • The incorporation of southern China into the empire • A national census

20. 45 Chinese beliefs systems differ from Hinduism and polytheism most in • Their secular outlooks on the world • Emphasizing correct behavior • Concentrating on the need for gods’ saving grace • Supporting a relative legal and social equality for women • Defying nature

21. 45 The highest Hindu caste was the • Sudras • Vaisayas • Kshatriyas • Brahmans • Harijan

22. 45 The Indian caste system • Differed little from other systems of inequality in the world • Closely resembled the Greco-Roman class structure • Was extremely complex and stratified; a person could not change caste • Had little basis in Hindu religious writings • Integrated non-Aryans into ruling castes

23. 45 The major difference between Buddhism and Hinduism was • Buddhism denied the need for caste, rites and sacrifice to achieve Nirvana • Hinduism was monotheistic and Buddhism was polytheistic • Buddhism denied rebirth and reincarnation • Buddhism encouraged its followers to renounce a political world • Hinduism taught self respect for all living things and prohibited killing

24. 45 Hindu ethics involved • Condemnations of money making • A detailed set of prohibitions on sexual activity • Finding ultimate happiness • Emphasis on an individual carrying out the obligations of life • Attack on all opposing faiths

25. 45 What Mauryan ruler was fierce Conqueror who converted to Buddhism? • Chandragupta • Akhbar • Gandhi • Asoka • Pataliputra

26. 45 Compared to China, India • Had greater contact with other societies and civilizations • Lacked regional diversity • Had more flexible social structure • Was more secular in outlook • Had much more recent origins

27. 45 The Mauryan Dynasty differed from the Gupta Dynasty in that • It refused to develop a strong army • Mauryan rulers opposed the caste system • It was imposed by conquerors from Greece • It attacked Buddhist beliefs • It ruled a larger territory

28. 45 Over time in classical India, castes • Were replaced by simpler social groups • Died out as Buddhism spread throughout India • Intensified and began to be more complex within castes from region to region • Lost their religious significance all together • Removed restrictions on gender (such as the practice of sati)

29. 45 In Mesopotamia, the cuneiform culture assimilated invaders and provided continuity. The same role in India was performed by • Buddhism • The Hindu social hierarchy • Jain philosophy • The Greek culture introduced by Alexander the Great • The culture of the Indus Valley peoples

30. 45 Alexander the Great’s invasion of Idnia • Led to a spread of Hinduism and Buddhism • Disrupted trading routes between India and the Mediterranean • Had little lasting influence on either region • Led to the rise of the Mauryans • Isolated India from contacts with other regions

31. 45 The Greek genius was politics; the Roman genius was • Engineering • Poetry • Science • Democracy • philosophy

32. 45 Athenian Democracy • Was limited to males whose parents had been citizens • Allowed married couples including women to vote • Permitted all residents who swore an oath to vote • Distrusted elitism and special interest groups • Created elected representatives to speak and vote for constituents

33. 45 In comparison to other civilizations, religiously the Greeks • Most resembled Hinduism with polytheism and a caste system • Never developed a major religion • Developed a compassionate system similar to Buddhism • Sought universal harmony in a manner similar to Daoism • Avoided portraying gods with human characterisitics

34. 45 The Roman Empire • Disallowed the use of slaves • Insisted that all inhabitants become Roman citizens • Prevented foreigners from trading with the empire • Set up a military draft to supply the army • Generally tolerated local politicians and religions

35. 45 Unlike most Greek city-states, Republican Rome • Developed a balanced government that experiences fewer domestic tensions • Had no aristocrats • Preferred a monarchical form of government • Granted women and foreigners the right to vote and citizenship • Never allowed the plebeians to participate in government

36. 45 Rome successfully expanded for all of these reasons EXCEPT • It possessed a discipline, trained army • It had a rich agricultural economy, which supported a large population • Roman government proved flexible and tolerant • Roman leaders made citizens out of conquered elites • It had no organized and powerful rivals to oppose expansion in the area

37. 45 Far more than classical Greece, India and China, slavery in Rome • Was hereditary • Granted no rights or protections to slaves • Was lenient and refused to enslave the young and elderly • Dominated labor markets: Rome became dependent on slavery • Encouraged Romans to develop their technology in agriculture and industry

38. 45 Roman slaves were used in all of the following EXCEPT • Work in the mines • Agricultural labor • Household care • Military service • tutoring

39. 45 Mediterranean agriculture under the Greeks and Romans was • Extremely efficient and self-sufficient, supplying large surpluses for trade • Not as dependent on irrigation as were other classical civilizations • Relied heavily on imported grain stuffs and the export of cash crops • Yielded insufficient surpluses to support high urban populations • Favor the small farmers instead of large, landed estates

40. 45 The senate of republican Rome consisted of what group? • Landed aristocracy • Emperors • Urban workers • Merchants and businessmen • Citizens elected by the general male population

41. 45 In that the Americas were isolated, the development of civilization involved • Convergent development • Contact and exchange • Diffusion • Connections • Independent innovation

42. 45 In Axum and Ethiopia, trade contacts led to • An insulted culture from African influences • Each kingdom converting to Christianity • Brought the state into contact with Bantu peoples • Led to conquest by Arabs • Introduced Hinduism and Buddhism from India

43. 45 Early historic Japanese culture • Was frequently invaded by China and Korea • Was the product of migrations and constant contacts with diverse peoples • Remained indigenous and unique • Developed at the same time as Shang China • Was a blend of Korean and Chinese ideas which the Japanese filtered

44. 45 At the end of the Classical Age • Belief systems failed to survive the collapse of classical civilization • Only the Mediterranean Greco-Roman civilization experienced upheavals • The Huns destroyed every part of the classical civilizations • There was a religious upsurge as a result of social and economic problems • Trade ceased to be important

45. 45 As the Han Empire collapsed • Daoists established political control of the various Chinese states • Nomads swept into China replacing the Han with a “barbarian dynasty” • Landowners and warlords dominated the successor governments • Christianity was introduced to China and began to spread • Internal warfare subsided

46. 45 In comparison to the end of classical civilizations in China and India, the collapse of the Roman Empire was • Milder and the recovery which followed was quick • More severe and extensive than elsewhere • Largely due to internal political, economic and social decay • Caused exclusively by Germanic and Hunnic invasions • Credited with destroying institutions associated with Christianity

47. 45 All of these contributed to the early decline and fall of Rome EXCEPT: • The spread of Christianity • Nomadic invasions • The collapse of effective government • Plagues which decimated populations • Economic disruptions

48. 45 The fall of the Roman Empire • Left behind a common culture unifying the Mediterranean basin • Left the Persian Empire in control of the eastern Mediterranean • Divided Christianity into Catholic and Orthodox sects • Had little effect on artistic and cultural traditions • Divided the Mediterranean into 3 different geographic cultural zones

49. 45 By 600 CE, looking at the entire world, a good definition of “barbarian” would be • Someone who is not Christian • Someone who fights better than a peasant • Someone who is not part of a civilization • Someone who is illiterate • Someone who is a knight

50. 45 In India during the period after the Gupta collapse • Buddhism reasserted its influence, replacing Hinduism • The caste system lost its influence • Hinduism maintained cultural cohesion when the central state collapsed • Invaders rarely assimilated into Hindu culture • Trade and commercial activities collapsed