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History 2211: The Ancient Near East

History 2211: The Ancient Near East. Lecture 25: The Wine Dark Sea Kyle Tadlock. The Mediterranean and the Near East. First sailors prehistoric Islands inhabited early Egyptian sailboats c.2500 Tie Near East to Europe. Bronze Age Trade Routes. Phoenician Cargo Ships. Cargo ships

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History 2211: The Ancient Near East

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  1. History 2211:The Ancient Near East Lecture 25: The Wine Dark Sea Kyle Tadlock

  2. The Mediterranean and the Near East • First sailors prehistoric • Islands inhabited early • Egyptian sailboats c.2500 • Tie Near East to Europe

  3. Bronze Age Trade Routes

  4. Phoenician Cargo Ships • Cargo ships • Utilitarian • Sails and oars • Bronze Age • Armed cargo ships • Early Iron Age • Decoration on vases

  5. Phoenician Warships • Galley • Bireme • Two banks of oars • Two decks • 50-60 oars • 80x10 ft (?) • Naval warfare

  6. Piracy • Rampant in Mediterranean • Rocky coasts (Cilicia) • Small islands • Part-time pirates • Trading, mercenary service, brigandage, slaving • Sherden, Sea Peoples • No stigma

  7. A Patchwork of Pirates

  8. Sailing the Mediterranean • Summer months? • Sailed close to land and during day • Beach at night • Night sailing? • Phoenicians sailed across open ocean • Celestial bodies and landmarks • Periplus

  9. Sailing the Broader Seas • Phoenicians in the Atlantic • Himilco the Navigator (6th or 5th) • Hanno the Navigator (5th) • Circumnavigation of Africa • Necho II (610-595) • Took 3 years • Herodotus • Phoenicians in America?

  10. Phoenicians in the Atlantic

  11. Bold Sailing

  12. Colonies • Important feature of the Iron Age • Karum • Overseas • Greeks and Phoenicians

  13. Phoenician Colonies • First in foreign cities • Trading posts or permanent settlements? • Greek sourcesand archaeology • Evolutions of colonies • Trading from ships • Beach huts • Warehouses and factories • Cities

  14. Anatomy of a Phoenician Colony • A small Phoenician city • Near resources and/or trade routes • Islands or peninsulas • Good harbors • Native elements • Nearby necropolis

  15. Kition • First colony • Mycenaean Greeks c.1200 • Tyre by 900 • Copper Trade • Kittim

  16. Gadir (Cadiz) • “The Wall” “The Stronghold” • One of oldest cities in Western Europe • Tyre c.1100-800 • Tartessos(Tarshish?) • Guadalquivir River in Spain • Rich in metals • Temple to Melqart

  17. Gadir in Pictures

  18. Motya • Sicily • Trading port • City in 8th century • Fortified in 5th century • Rich • Salt refining and wool processing

  19. Motya

  20. Carthage • “New City” • Tunisia • Tyre c.846 • “Real city” • complete slice of society • Size • Foundation myth • After 572, became own power • Hemmed by Libyan tribes

  21. Carthage the Great I

  22. Carthage the Great II

  23. Punic Culture • Developed unique culture c.600 • Government • Elected kings (Magonid) • Council of elders • Suffets (shophtim) • Ba’alHammon and Tanit

  24. Punic Culture

  25. Child Sacrifice • Tophet: “Place of burning” • Kidron Valley • Moloch • Frequent in colonies • Ashes of children • Greek, Roman, and Hebrew accounts • Natural death or child sacrifice? • Phoenician or Punic?

  26. Greek History • Dark Age Greece (c.1200-800) • Loss of literacy • Loss of foreign contacts until c.900 • Iron-smithing • Ionian colonies • Archaic Age Greece (c.800-480) • Rise of the aristocracy • Age of Colonization

  27. Greek Ships • Pentekonter • Merchant and warship • 50 oars • Trikonter • Bireme

  28. Greek Colonies • Emperion • Apoikia • Metropole • Why Colonize? • Overpopulation? • Aristocratic preservation? • Religious? • State effort or private?

  29. Ionian Colonies • Western coast of Anatolia • Mycenaeans (Miletus) and Aelions (Colophon) • Greeks invade c.1000 • Sacked the Luwain-speaking cities • Miletus, Ephesus, Samos, and Priene • Ionian League • Independent city-states • Carians • Wealthy and cultured • Close to Near Eastern empires

  30. Ionia

  31. Pithecusae • Off coast of Italy • Euboian colonists • Phoenicians and Etruscans • 5-10,000 people by 700 • Emperion • Iron from Etruscans

  32. Cumae • 8th century by Euboea and Chalcis • First apoikia in Europe • Religious importance • Daughter colonies

  33. Sicily • Many colonies • Phoenicians there first? • Apoikia • Syracuse • 734 from Corinth • Harbors and island • Tyranny • Magna Graecia

  34. Syracuse

  35. Greeks Abroad

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