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Duk -Woo Park, MD, PhD Division of Cardiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine

Differential Clinical Impact of Angiographic Mechanisms Underlying Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation. Duk -Woo Park, MD, PhD Division of Cardiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Heart Institute, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.

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Duk -Woo Park, MD, PhD Division of Cardiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine

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  1. Differential Clinical Impact of Angiographic Mechanisms Underlying Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation Duk-Woo Park, MD, PhD Division of Cardiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine Heart Institute, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea

  2. Disclosure Statement of Financial Interest • Researchfunds from the CardioVascular Research Foundation (CVRF), Seoul, Korea and a grant of the Korea Health 21 R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Korea (A102065). • No industry sponsorship

  3. Background Periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common complication after PCI. The incidence of periprocedural MI varies from 5% to 30%, which can range from a minor elevation of cardiac enzymes to a large-sized infarct. The detrimental effect of periprocedural MI on survival according to the levels of enzyme elevation has been well documented.

  4. Background PCI-related MI may result from angiographically recognizable complications or angiographically non-visible mechanisms. Limited data are available on the relative frequency and angiographic patterns of the mechanisms underlying periprocedural MI and whether there are substantial differences in prognostic relevance according to these angiographic mechanisms.

  5. Purpose Our study was to investigate the angiographic mechanisms of periprocedural MI using a core lab. and to evaluate the different effects of periprocedural MI on mortality among patients receiving drug-eluting stent (DES). To accomplish this, we pooled and analyzed data from available RCTs or registries designed with similar methods including case report forms, definitions and adjudication procedures.

  6. Database Databases from 10 independent, prospective clinical studies (8 RCT and 2 registry), in which enrolled patients were treated with DES for stable CAD or ACS. All of the studies used uniform endpoint definitions, adjudication processes, and follow-up procedures. All databases were maintained at the Clinical Research Center of the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea, and a convenience sample of 10 clinical studies was available in existing merged data sets.

  7. PCI and Cardiac Enzyme Measurement All studies of patients undergoing PCI in whom periprocedural CK-MB data and mortality data were prospectively collected. Blood was routinely collected for the measurement of CK an CK-MB before stenting, every 8 hours for the first 24 hours after the procedure, and daily thereafter during hospitalization. Routine measurement of cardiac troponin after PCI was not performed in each center due to no reimbursement of the government for troponin measurements in PCI situations.

  8. Periprocedural MI Definition The occurrence of MI was assessed according to the universal definition of MI. MI related to procedure was defined as either an (1) increase in CK-MB at least 3 times the upper limit of normal and (2) at least 50% greater than the most recent pre-procedure concentration; for NSTEMI/STEMI patients, peak CK-MB > 1.5 x previous trough with falling or normal CK-MB.

  9. MI Events Adjudication and Classification All of the studies utilized the same angiographic core lab. After evaluation of baseline and postprocedural CAG, angiographic mechanisms of MI were recorded as one of the following: - side-branch occlusion, - slow flow or no-reflow, - distal embolization, - thrombus, - flow-limiting dissection, - disruption of collateral flow, - others, - non-identifiable mechanical causes. Type 1 (MI d/t SB obstruction) Type 2 (MI d/t other angiographiccomplications) Type 3 (MI without angiographically identifiable causes

  10. Clinical Follow-Up Among studies, clinical follow-up was performed via office visit or telephone contact at 1, 6, and 12 months and then every 6 or 12 months thereafter according to the study protocol. For validation of complete follow-up data, information about vital status was obtained from the National Population Registry of the Korea National Statistical Office with the use of a unique personal identification number.

  11. Statistical Analysis Baseline characteristics were compared among groups without periprocedural MI and with different types of periprocedural MI by ANOVA and the χ2 test. Survival curves for between-groups comparisons was created using the K-M method and compared by the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariable Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to estimate the effect of different types of periprocedural MI on mortality with reference to non-periprocedural MI.

  12. RESULTS

  13. Summary of Merged Clinical Studies

  14. Angiographic Mechanisms of Peri-MI Incidence of Periprocedural MI: 7.0% (1,151 / 16,383)

  15. Relative Proportions of CK-MB Levels According to the Types of Angiographic Mechanisms CK-MB ratio: 3 to <5 5 to <10 >10 Relative Percent (%) All Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

  16. Baseline Clinical Characteristics N (%)

  17. Baseline Clinical Characteristics N (%)

  18. Baseline Lesion Characteristics N (%)

  19. Baseline Procedural Characteristics N (%)

  20. K-M Curves According to Types of Periprocedural MI

  21. Incidence Rates, Unadjusted and Adjusted HR for Mortality, According to the Type of Periprocedural MI †Adjusted for study, age, sex, BMI, DM, HTN, smoking, hyperlipidemia, history of MI, PCI, or stroke, chronic lung disease, renal insufficiency, ACS, EF, MVD, LM disease, bifurcation, total occlusion, DES type, total number of stents, and use of GpIIb/IIIa inhibitor.

  22. Conclusion Among patients who underwent PCI with DES, periprocedural MI was associated with an increased risk of mortality. There were substantial differences in mortality depending on the different angiographic mechanisms of periprocedural MI, showing that MI due to complicated angiographic causes was related with increased mortality, whereas MI due to side-branch occlusion or without identifiable angiographic causes did not affect mortality.

  23. Clinical Implication The 3rd definition of MI adopted a ≥5 enzyme elevations and considered angiographic evidence of flow-limiting complications (such as loss of SB occlusion, slow flow or no-reflow, or embolization) as diagnostic criteria. However, the clinical impact of angiographic mechanisms of periprocedural MI is still unknown. The overall findings of our study highlight the need for further research to determine the diagnostic and prognostic value of angiographic mechanisms, when defining periprocedural MI, and to inform optimal management of these complications.

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