Study Tour to Rome: Rome, St. Peter’s & the Sistine Chapel Part One: Rome and St. Peters

1. Study Tour to Rome:Rome, St. Peter’s & the Sistine ChapelPart One: Rome and St. Peters

2. ROMAN HISTORICAL PERIODS MONARCHY 753-509 BCE REPUBLIC 509-27 BCE EMPIRE 27 BCE-337 CE

3. Roman temple forms--rectangular Influence Greeks & Etruscans Clear front, stairs Temple of Portunus (Temple of “Fortuna Virilis”), Rome, Italy, ca. 75 BCE.

4. Roman temple forms—round Smaller Special purpose Mark sacred site (later baptistries) Temple of Vesta (?), Tivoli, Italy, early first century BCE.

5. Roman verism Republican period Interest in portraiture (vs Greek idealism) Ancestor veneration Figure 10-7 Head of an old man, from Osimo, mid-first century BCE. Marble, life-size. Palazzo del Municipio, Osimo.

6. Portrait Bust, Republican Period (Met Museum)

7. Roman Patriarch with Busts of his Ancestors, Republican Period, 1st century CE

8. Roman verism (portrait head) combined with Greek idealism (body) Very odd Figure 10-8 Portrait of a Roman general, from the Sanctuary of Hercules, Tivoli, Italy, ca. 75-50 BCE. Marble, 6’ 2” high. Museo Nazionale Romano-Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome.

9. Roman copy of Greek original of c. 330 The Apollo Belvedere, once considered the most beautiful statue on earth

10. Augustus, adopted son and heir to Julius Caesar the first Roman Emperor & a master of propaganda

11. Figure 10-27 Portrait of Augustus as general, from Primaporta, Italy, early-first-century CE copy of a bronze original of ca. 20 BCE. Marble, 6’ 8” high. Musei Vaticani, Rome.

14. Figure 10-29 Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace looking northeast), Rome, Italy, 13–9 BCE.

15. Female personification (Tellus?), panel from the east facade of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13–9 BCE. Marble, 5’ 3” high.

16. Procession of the imperial family, detail of the south frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, Italy, 13–9 BCE. Marble, 5’ 3” high.

17. Aerial view of the Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater), Rome, Italy, ca. 70–80 CE.

18. Concrete vaultingRoman: arch & concrete

19. Figure 10-6 Roman concrete construction. (a) barrel vault, (b) groin vault, (c) fenestrated sequence of groin vaults, (d) hemispherical dome with oculus (John Burge).

20. Nîmes, France

21. Pont-du-Gard, Nîmes, France, ca. 16 BCE.

22. The Roman World

23. Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE. TRIUMPHAL ARCHmade by Emperor Domitian in honor of his brother TItus

24. 18th century engraving of a Roman military procession

25. On edge of Roman forum, near the Colosseum

26. Artist reconstruction of the Arch of Titus

27. Triumph of Titus

29. Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE.

30. Arc de Triomphe, Parisbuilt 1831—here 1944 Liberation of Paris

31. Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118 – 125 CE

32. Figure 10-50 Restored cutaway view (left) and lateral section (right) of the Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118–125 CE.

33. Figure 10-51 Interior of the Pantheon, Rome, Italy, 118–125 CE.

34. Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, from Rome, Italy, ca. 175 CE..Marcus Aurelius—the last “Good Emperor” & alsostoic philosophergesture like Augustus of Prima Porta--originally stomping on a barbarian?Moved to Capitoline Hill—Michelangelo designNot destroyed in the medieval period because it was mistakenly thought to be a sculpture of Constantine (the first Christian Emperor)

35. Titian, Charles V on Horseback, 1548

36. Anthony van Dyck, Charles I with Mo Anthony van Dyck, Charles I with Monseigneur de St. Antoine, 1633. Post-restoration. Oil on canvas, 12 ft x 8 ft 8 in..

37. Figure 10-64 Portrait of Caracalla, ca. 211–217 CE. Marble, 1’ 2” high. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

38. Figure 10-70 Battle of Romans and barbarians (Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus), from Rome, Italy, ca. 250–260 CE. Marble, 5’ high. Museo Nazionale Romano-Palazzo Altemps, Rome.

39. 239--Diocletian established the Tetrarchy: the rule of four: two of east & two of west Roman Empire Divided Figure 10-73 Portraits of the four tetrarchs, from Constantinople, ca. 305 CE. Porphyry, 4’ 3” high. Saint Mark’s, Venice.

40. 20 BCE, Rome 305 CE, Constantinople

41. 312 Constantine I defeats his rival Maxentius; he is said to have attributed his victory to the Christian God Arch of Constantine, 312-315 313 Constantine ends persecution of Christians 325 Christianity becomes the state religion of the Roman Empire Colossus of Constantine, c. 315-330 330 Constantine leaves Rome for his new capital, Constantinople 337 Constantine baptised on his deathbed

42. Arch of Constantine (south side), Rome, Italy, 312–315 CE

44. Portrait of Constantine, from the Basilica Nova, Rome, Italy, ca. 315–330 CE. Marble, 8’ 6” high. Musei Capitolini, Rome.

45. Christianity grew rapidly Apostles to Rome Persecution Christians in Rome—their refusal to worship Emperor Christian tradition— Paul martyred Rome c. 67 Peter martyred Rome c. 64 (reign of Nero) 313 Constantine ends persecution of Christians325 Christianity becomes the state religion of the Roman Empire

46. Huge forecourt with fountain & giant pinecone Marbles, mosaics, frescoes Old St. Peter’s Basilicamagnificent but in need of repair (leaning)1200 years old-- patron: Constantine Old St. Peter’s Basilica, ca. 1450 according to a reconstruction by H.W. Brewer, 1891

47. Raphael, Portrait of Julius II, 1511-12“the Warrior Pope” r. 1503-13most important patron of the High Renaissance

48. CHRISTOFORO FOPPA CARADOSSO, medal showing Bramante’s design for the new Saint Peter’s, 1506.

49. Major artists of the Renaissance worked on St. Peters—Bramante, Raphael, MichelangeloStill unfinished in the 17th centuryCARLO MADERNO, facade of Saint Peter’s, Vatican City, Rome, Italy, 1606–1612.

50. Sculptor, architect, painter, poet Sociable & successful; large workshop Son of a Florentine sculptor Pietro Bernini Proficient sculptor age eight First papal commission only 26 years old Urban VIII: “you are made for Rome and Rome is made for you”   Bernini, Self-Portrait as a Young Man, 1623