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Pelaporan dan Akuntansi Keuangan

Pelaporan dan Akuntansi Keuangan. Business Combinations and Consolidated Financial Statements. Definition. Business combination: the bringing together of separate enterprises into one economic entity as a result of one enterprise obtaining control over the net assets and operations of another

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Pelaporan dan Akuntansi Keuangan

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  1. Pelaporan dan Akuntansi Keuangan

  2. Business Combinations and Consolidated Financial Statements

  3. Definition • Business combination: the bringing together of separate enterprises into one economic entity as a result of one enterprise obtaining control over the net assets and operations of another • Consolidated financial statements: the financial statements of a group presented as those of a single economic entity

  4. Introduction • All business combinations are now considered to be acquisitions • Where one entity (the parent) takes management control of another entity, or of its assets and liabilities • US GAAP and IFRS eliminated pooling of interests accounting

  5. Sifat Penggabungan Usaha • Akuisisi • Suatu penggabungan usaha dimana salah satu perusahaan, yaitu pengakuisisi memperoleh kendali atas aset neto dan operasi perusahaan yang diakuisisi, dengan memberikan aset tertentu, mengakui kewajiban, atau mengeluarkan saham • Penyatuan kepemilikan • Suatu penggabungan usaha dimana para pemegang saham perusahaan yang bergabung bersama-sama menyatukan kendali atas, atau secara efektif, seluruh aset neto dan operasi perusahaan yang bergabung tersebut dan selanjutnya memikul bersama segala risiko dan manfaat yang melekat pada entitas gabungan, sehingga tidak ada pihak yang dapat diidentifikasi sebagai perusahaan pengakuisisi

  6. Metode Akuntansi • Akuisisi  metode pembelian (purchase method) • Penyatuan kepemilikan  metode penyatuan kepemilikan (pooling of interest method)

  7. Acquisition Accounting • It is necessary to identify the acquirer in virtually all business combinations • Major accounting issue: allocation of the purchase price to the individual assets obtained and liabilities assumed

  8. Accounting for Acquisitions • Use Purchase Method • Purchase price must be allocated among the various assets that are obtained, net of any liabilities assumed • Price > FV of the net identifiable assets  goodwill • Price < FV of the net identifiable assets  negative goodwill

  9. Accounting for Acquisitions • If the fair value of net assets is less than the aggregate purchase cost  the excess will be deemed to represent goodwill • Goodwill is not subject to periodic amortization, but subject to impairment testing • If the fair value of net assets is greater than the cost  negative goodwill • Immediately taken to income

  10. Goodwill • Goodwill harus diamortisasi sebagai beban selama masa manfaatnya • Harus digunakan garis lurus, kecuali terdapat metode lain yang dianggap lebih tepat dalam keadaan tertentu • Periode amortisasi tidak boleh lebih dari lima tahun, kecuali periode yang lebih panjang tetapi tidak lebih dari 20 tahun dapat digunakan apabila terdapat dasar yang tepat

  11. Goodwill Negatif • Nilai wajar aset nonmoneter yang diakuisisi harus diturunkan secara proporsional, sampai seluruh selisih tersebut dapat dieliminasi • Apabila masih terdapat sisa, maka sisa selisih tersebut diakui sebagai goodwill negatif dan diperlakukan sebagai pendapatan ditangguhkan dan diakui sebagai pendapatan secara sistematis selama suatu periode yang tidak kurang dari 20 tahun

  12. Determining Purchase Price • The primary measure should be the fair value of any assets given up in the transaction

  13. Step Acquisitions • Control over another entity is not achieved in a single transaction, but rather, after a series of transactions • The cost of acquisition is measured with the reference to the cost and fair value data as of that exchange transaction • Each step in the transaction sequence should be accounted for as a separate acquisition

  14. Recording the Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed • The assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the business combination should be recorded at fair values

  15. Acquisition Less than 100% • The portion of the acquired operation not owned by the acquirer, but claimed by outside interests, is referred to as minority interest

  16. Goodwill and Negative Goodwill • Goodwill: • Recognized as an asset • Should be reviewed at each balance sheet date to determine whether the asset has suffered any impairment

  17. Goodwill and Negative Goodwill (Cont’d) • Negative goodwill: • Before negative goodwill is recognized: • The allocation of FV is to be revisited • All liabilities – including contingencies – be reviewed • Negative goodwill is taken immediately to income

  18. Contingent Consideration • Two major types of future events: • The performance of the acquired entity (acquiree) • Deemed likely to be probable and can be measured reliably  an estimate should be included in the cost of acquisition • The market value of the consideration given for the acquisition • If the acquirer is obliged to make further payment of shares  not accounted for as an additional cost of the business combination • Is adjusted against the value of the equity originally issued

  19. Consolidated Financial Statements • A parent must present consolidated financial statements • Consolidated financial statements are to consolidate a parent and all of its subsidiaries, foreign and domestic, when those entities are controlled by the parent

  20. Kriteria Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan Konsolidasi • Laporan keuangan konsolidasi menggabungkan seluruh perusahaan yang dikendalikan oleh induk perusahaan • Kecuali: • Pengendalian dimaksudkan untuk sementara • Anak perusahaan dibatasi oleh suatu restriksi jangka panjang

  21. Intercompany Transactions and Balances • Any transactions among members of the group must be eliminated • Any balances due to or from members of the consolidated group at the end of the reporting period must also be eliminated

  22. Different Fiscal Periods of Parent and Subsidiary • If the subsidiaries have different fiscal years, they may prepare updated information as of the parent’s year end, to be used for preparing financial statements • IAS permits combining information as of different dates, as long as this discrepancy does not exceed three months

  23. Uniformity of Accounting Policies • There is not requirement that all the members of the consolidated group should use the same accounting principles to account for similar events and transactions • Requires adequate disclosure of the accounting principles employed

  24. Consolidated Statements in Subsequent Periods with Minority Interests • The full amount of assets and liabilities (in the statement of financial position) and income and expenses (in the income statement) of the subsidiary are generally presented • A contra must be shown for the minority interests portion • In the consolidated statement of financial position  minority interest be presented as a separate component of, but within, shareholders’ equity • In the consolidated income statements  the minority interest in the income (or loss) is shown as a deduction from (or addition to) the consolidated profit or loss account

  25. Hak Minoritas • Hak minoritas dalam aset bersih disajikan tersendiri dalam neraca konsolidasi, di antara ekuitas dan kewajiban

  26. Accounting for Special Purpose Entities • When one enterprise has been created solely or largely for the purpose of accommodating the other’s need for financing or for engaging in certain strictly limited transactions with or on behalf of the sponsoring entity

  27. Special Purpose Entities (Cont’d) • Should be consolidated if the substance of the relationship with another entity indicated that it is effectively controlled by the other entity • The activities of the SPE are conducted so as to provide the sponsor with the benefits thereof • The sponsor in substance has decision-making powers to obtain most of the benefits of the SPE • The sponsor has the right to obtain majority of the benefits of the SPE and consequently is exposed to risks inherent in the SPE activities • The sponsor retain the majority of the residual or ownership risks of the SPE

  28. INVESTMENTS

  29. Accounting for Debt and Equity Instruments • Carrying amount for investments: • Trading  at fair value • Change in fair value are included in operating results • Available for sale  at fair value • Change in the fair value must be recognized directly in equity • Held to maturity  at amortized historical cost

  30. Investment in Associates • Associate: an entity over which an investor has significant influence but which is neither a subsidiary nor a joint venture of the investor company • In general: ownership between 20% and 50%

  31. Equity Method • Use equity method if investor is able to exercise significant influence • Permits investor to incorporate its pro rata share of the investee’s operating results into its profit or loss • Include its share of the investee’s net income as a separate line item in its income • A single line in the investor’s balance is presented ”One-line consolidation”

  32. Metode Akuntansi • Metode ekuitas • Apabila investor mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan maka investasi pada investee dicatat dengan menggunakan metode ekuitas • Metode biaya • Apabila investor tidak mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan maka investasi dicatat dengan menggunakan metode biaya

  33. Accounting for a Differential between Cost and Book Value • The net impact of equity method of accounting must equal that of full consolidation of accounting • Differential between cost and book value must be analyzed into the following components and accounted for accordingly: • Any difference between the book and fair value of the investee’s net assets at the date of investment is made • The remaining difference between the FV of the net assets and the cost of the investment, that is generally attributable to goodwill

  34. Intercompany Transactions between Investor and Investee • Only the profit component of intercompany (investor-investee) transactions is eliminated • Unrealized profits should be eliminated for both “upstream” and “downstream” transactions to the extent of the investor’s interest in the investee

  35. Partial Sale or Additional Purchase of the Equity Investment • Gain (losses) from sales of investee stock are reported on the investor’s income statement in the other income and expense section • Discontinue use of the equity method when investor loss significant influence

  36. Investor Accounting for Investee Capital Transactions • Investee purchase treasury stock from, or sells unissued shares or shares held in treasury to, outside shareholders • Investor’s ownership percentage will be altered • This gives rise to a gain or loss, which will be reflected in paid-in capital and/or retained earnings

  37. Akuntansi Perubahan Ekuitas Anak Perusahaan/Perusahaan Asosiasi • Selisih nilai ekuitas yang timbul akibat transaksi perubahan ekuitas anak perusahaan/perusahaan asosiasi diakui sebagai bagian dari ekuitas dengan akun “Selisih Transaksi Perubahan Ekuitas Anak Perusahaan/Perusahaan Asosiasi”

  38. Akuntansi Restrukturisasi Entitas Sepengendali

  39. Definisi • Entitas sepengendali adalah pihak (perorangan, perusahaan, atau bentuk entitas lainnya) yang secara langsung atau tidak langsung (melalui satu atau lebih perantara), mengendalikan atau dikendallikan oleh atau berada di bawah pengendalian yang sama

  40. Sifat Transaksi Restrukturisasi Entitas Sepengendali • Transaksi restrukturisasi antara entitas sepengendali, berupa pengalihan aset, kewajiban, saham, atau instrumen kepemilikan lainnya yang dilakukan dalam rangka reorganisasi entitas-entitas yang berada dalam suatu kelompok usaha yang sama, bukan perupakan perubahan kepemilikan dalam arti substansi ekonomi, sehingga tidak dapat menimbulkan laba atau rugi bagi seluruh kelompok perusahaan ataupun bagi entitas individual dalam kelompok perusahaan tersebut

  41. Sifat Transaksi Restrukturisasi Entitas Sepengendali • Harus dicatat sesuai dengan nilai bukunya seperti penggabungan usaha berdasarkan metode penyatuan kepemilikan

  42. Selisih antara Harga Pengalihan dan Nilai Buku • Selisih antara harga pengalihan dan nilai buku setiap transaksi restrukturisasi antara entitas sepengendali dibukukan dalam akun Selisih Nilai Transaksi Restrukturisasi Entitas Sepengendali • Disajikan sebagai unsur ekuitas

  43. Selisih antara Harga Pengalihan dan Nilai Buku (Cont’d) • Saldo tersebut dapat berubah pada saat: • Adanya transaksi resiprokal antara entitas sepengendali yang sama • Dilakukan saling hapus • Adanya peristiwa kuasi reorganisasi • Digunakan untuk mengeliminasi atau menambah saldo laba negatif • Hilangnya status substansi sepengendalian antara entitas yang pernah bertransaksi atau Pelepasan aset, kewajiban, saham, atau instrumen kepemilikan lainnya yang mendasari terjadinya selisih transaksi restrukturisasi entitas sepengendali ke pihak lain yang tidak sepengendali • Diakui sebagai laba atau rugi yang direalisasi

  44. Pelaporan Keuangan mengenai Bagian Partisipasi dalam Pengendalian Bersama Operasi dan Aset

  45. Definisi • Joint venture: perjanjian kontraktual antara dua atau lebih pihak untuk melaksanakan kegiatan ekonomi yang dikendalikan bersama • Ciri-ciri utama dari suaru joint venture: • Dua atau lebih venturer diikat oleh suatu perjanjian kontraktual • Perjanjian kontraktual tersebut menciptakan pengendalian bersama

  46. Pengendalian Bersama Operasi (Jointly Controlled Operation) • Kegiatan joint venture meliputi pemanfaatan asrt dan sumber daya lainnya dari para venturer dan tidak memerlukan pembentukan suatu perseroaan terbatas, firma, atau badan usaha lain atau pengelolaan keuangan yang terlepas dari venturer

  47. Pengendalian Bersama Operasi (Jointly Controlled Operation) • Setiap venturer membukukan dan menyajikan dalam laporan keuangannya masing-masing: • Aset yang dikendalikannya sendiri dan kewajiban yang timbul atas aktivitasnya sendiri • Beban yang terjadi atas aktivitasnya sendiri dan bagiannya atas pendapatan bersama dari penjualan barang dan jasa oleh joint venture tersebut • Laporan keuangan tersendiri untuk joint venture wajib disusun apabila jumlahnya material dan proyek kerjasama diselesaikan dalam jangka panjang

  48. Pengendalian Bersama Aset (Jointly Controlled Assets) • Para venturer melakukan pengendalian bersama dan kepemilikan bersama atas satu atau lebih aset yang diserahkan oleh venturer, atau dibeli untuk digunakan dalam melaksanakan kegiatan joint venture

  49. Pengendalian Bersama Aset (Jointly Controlled Assets) • Setiap venturer membukukan dan menyajikan dalam laporan keuangannya masing-masing: • Bagiannya atas aset yang dikendalikan bersama, diklasifikasikan menurut sifat dari aset tersebut, bukan sebagai investasi • Setiap kewajiban yang menjadi tanggung jawabnya sendiri • Bagiannya atas setiap kewajiban yang ditanggung bersama oleh para venturer sehubungan dengan joint venture • Bagiannya atas output joint venture, dan bagiannya atas beban bersama yang terjadi pada joint venture tersebut • Beban yang menjadi tanggungannya sendiri sehubungan dengan partisipasinya dalam joint venture • Apabila penerapan metode proportionate consolidation tersebut tidak praktis untuk diterapkan, maka venturer dapat menggunakan metode ekuitas untuk membukukan dan menyajikan partisipasinya pada PBA

  50. Pengendalian Bersama Aset (Jointly Controlled Assets) • Laporan keuangan tersendiri wajib disusun dalam joint venture tersebut apabila jumlahnya material dan proyek kerjasama diselesaikan dalam jangka panjang

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