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CHAPTER 4 TCP/IP Concepts & Router Operations

CHAPTER 4 TCP/IP Concepts & Router Operations. TCP/IP Protocol stacks & Layer functions IP Address classes, sub net mask, VLSM, and subnet calculations Static Route. Chapter Objective. On completion of this chapter, you will be able to perform the following tasks:

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CHAPTER 4 TCP/IP Concepts & Router Operations

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  1. CHAPTER 4TCP/IP Concepts & Router Operations TCP/IP Protocol stacks & Layer functions IP Address classes, sub net mask, VLSM, and subnet calculations Static Route 640-802 CCNA

  2. Chapter Objective 640-802 CCNA • On completion of this chapter, you will be able to perform the following tasks: • Identify the IP protocol stack, its protocol layer functions, and commonly used IP protocols • Identify IP address classes, IP addresses, IP subnet masks, IP network numbers, subnet numbers, and possible host numbers. • Understand static route.

  3. Introduction to TCP/IP Host Host Internet TCP/IP Early protocol suite Universal 640-802 CCNA

  4. Internet Control Message Protocol Application Destination Unreachable Echo (Ping) Other Transport 1 ICMP Internet Data Link Physical 640-802 CCNA

  5. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) I need the Ethernet address of 176.16.3.2. I heard that broadcast. The message is for me. Here is my Ethernet address. 172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2 IP: 172.16.3.2 = ??? IP: 172.16.3.2 Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 Map IP MAC Local ARP 640-802 CCNA

  6. Reverse ARP (RARP) What is my IP address? I heard that broadcast. Your IP address is 172.16.3.25. Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP = ??? Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111 IP: 172.16.3.25 Map MAC IP 640-802 CCNA

  7. Introduction to TCP/IP Addresses 172.18.0.1 172.16.0.1 172.18.0.2 172.16.0.2 HDR SA DA DATA 10.13.0.0 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1 10.13.0.1 172.17.0.1 172.17.0.2 • Unique addressing allows communication between end stations • Path choice is based on destination address Location is represented by an address 640-802 CCNA

  8. IP Addressing 32 bits DottedDecimal Network Host 255 255 255 255 Maximum 1 8 9 16 24 25 32 17 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 Binary 1286432168421 1286432168421 1286432168421 1286432168421 ExampleDecimal 172 16 122 204 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100 ExampleBinary 640-802 CCNA

  9. Network Host Host Host Network Network Host Host Network Network Network Host IP Address Classes (1) 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits Class A: Class B: Class C: Class D: Multicast Class E: Research 640-802 CCNA

  10. IP Address Classes (2) 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32 Bits: 0NNNNNNN Host Host Host Class A: Range (1-126) 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32 Bits: 10NNNNNN Network Host Host Class B: Range (128-191) 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32 Bits: 110NNNNN Network Network Host Class C: Range (192-223) 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32 Bits: 1110MMMM Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group Class D: Range (224-239) 640-802 CCNA

  11. Host Addresses 172.16.2.2 10.1.1.1 10.6.24.2 E1 E0 172.16.3.10 10.250.8.11 172.16.2.1 172.16.12.12 10.180.30.118 Routing Table Network Interface 172.16.0.0 10.0.0.0 E0 E1 172.16 . 12 . 12 Network Host 640-802 CCNA

  12. Determining Available Host Addresses Network Host 17216 0 0 N 10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000 1 16151413121110 9 87654321 00000000 00000001 2 00000000 00000011 3 ... ... ... 11111111 11111101 65534 11111111 11111110 65535 11111111 11111111 65536 - 2 2N-2=216-2 = 65534 65534 640-802 CCNA

  13. IP Address Classes Exercise Address Class Network Host 10.2.1.1 A 10.0.0.0 0.2.1.1 128.63.2.100 B 128.63.0.0 0.0.2.100 201.222.5.0 C 0.0.0.64 201.222.5.64 C 192.6.141.0 0.0.0.2 192.6.141.2 B 130.113.0.0 0.0.64.16 130.113.64.16 256.241.201.10 Nonexistent 640-802 CCNA

  14. Addressing without Subnets 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.255.253 172.16.255.254 172.16.0.3 …... 172.16.0.0 Network 172.16.0.0 640-802 CCNA

  15. Addressing with Subnets 172.16.3.0 172.16.4.0 172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0 Network 172.16.0.0 640-802 CCNA

  16. Subnet Addressing (1) 172.16.3.5 172.16.2.200 172.16.3.1 E1 E0 172.16.3.100 172.16.2.1 172.16.2.2 172.16.3.150 172.16.2.160 New Routing Table Network Interface 172.16 . 2 . 160 172.16.0.0 172.16.0.0 E0 E1 Host Network 640-802 CCNA

  17. Subnet Addressing (2) 172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5 172.16.3.1 E1 E0 172.16.2.2 172.16.3.100 172.16.2.1 172.16.2.160 New Routing Table Network Interface 172.16 . 2 . 160 172.16.2.0 172.16.3.0 E0 E1 Network Subnet Host 640-802 CCNA

  18. Subnet mask Network Host 172 16 0 0 IP Address Network Network Host Host Default subnet mask 8-bit Subnet Mask 255 1111 1111 255 1111 1111 255 1111 1111 255 1111 1111 0 0000 0000 255 1111 1111 0 0000 0000 0 0000 0000 Also written as “/16” where 16 represents the number of 1s in the mask. Also written as “/24” where 24 represents the number of 1s in the mask. 640-802 CCNA

  19. Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255 640-802 CCNA

  20. Subnet Mask without Subnets Network Host 172.16.2.160 1010 1100 0001 0000 0000 0010 1010 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 255.255.0.0 0000 0000 0000 0000 1010 1100 0001 0000 NetworkNumber 172 16 0 0 Subnets not in use—the default 640-802 CCNA

  21. Subnet Mask with Subnets (1) Subnet Network Host 172.16.2.160 1010 1100 0001 0000 0000 0010 1010 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 255.255.255.0 1010 1100 0001 0000 0000 0010 0000 0000 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 Network Number 172 16 2 0 Network number extended by eight bits 640-802 CCNA

  22. Subnet Mask with Subnets (2) Subnet Network Host 172.16.2.160 1010 1100 0001 0000 0000 0010 1010 0000 1111 1111 1111 1111 1100 0000 1111 1111 255.255.255.192 1010 1100 0001 0000 0000 0010 1000 0000 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255 Network Number 172 16 2 128 Network number extended by ten bits 640-802 CCNA

  23. Subnet Mask Exercise Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet 255.255.255.0 B 172.16.2.0 172.16.2.10 10.6.24.20 255.255.240.0 A 10.6.16.0 10.30.36.12 255.255.255.0 A 10.30.36.0 640-802 CCNA

  24. Broadcast Addresses 172.16.3.0 172.16.4.0 172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0 172.16.3.255 (Directed broadcast) X 255.255.255.255 (Local network broadcast) 172.16.255.255 (All subnets broadcast) 640-802 CCNA

  25. Addressing Summary Example 172 16 2 160 3 1 Host 172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 2 Mask 255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11000000 11111111 Subnet 10101100 00010000 4 00000010 172.16.2.128 10000000 Broadcast 10101100 00010000 00000010 5 172.16.2.191 10111111 First 10101100 00010000 00000010 6 172.16.2.129 10000001 Last 10101100 00010000 00000010 172.16.2.190 10111110 7 640-802 CCNA

  26. Class B Subnet Example IP Host Address: 172.16.2.121 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Network Network Subnet Host 172.16.2.121: 10101100 00010000 00000010 01111001 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0: Subnet: 10101100 00010000 00000010 00000000 Broadcast: 10101100 00010000 00000010 11111111 Subnet Address = 172.16.2.0 Host Addresses = 172.16.2.1–172.16.2.254 Broadcast Address = 172.16.2.255 Eight bits of subnetting 640-802 CCNA

  27. Subnet Planning 20 subnets 5 hosts per subnet Class C address: 192.168.5.0 192.168.5.16 Other subnets 192.168.5.32 192.168.5.48 640-802 CCNA

  28. Class C Subnet Planning Example IP Host Address: 192.168.5.121 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.248 Network Network Network Subnet Host 192.168.5.121: 11000000 10101000 00000101 01111001 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 11000000 10101000 00000101 01111000 Subnet: Broadcast: 11000000 10101000 00000101 01111111 Subnet Address = 192.168.5.120 Host Addresses = 192.168.5.121–192.168.5.126 Broadcast Address = 192.168.5.127 Five Bits of Subnetting 640-802 CCNA

  29. Broadcast Addresses Exercise Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet Broadcast 201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.56 201.222.10.63 15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 15.16.192.0 15.16.199.255 A 128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B 128.16.32.12 128.16.32.15 153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128 B 153.50.6.0 153.50.6.127 640-802 CCNA

  30. VLAN to VLAN Overview Fa0/0 Router on a stick ISL VLAN 2 VLAN 1 Application TCP IP ISL 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 Ethernet Network layer devices combine multiple broadcast domains 640-802 CCNA

  31. Dividing a Physical Interface into Subinterfaces FastEthernet 0/0 FastEthernet 0/0.1 FastEthernet 0/0.2 FastEthernet 0/0.3 Physical interfaces can be divided into multiple subinterfaces 640-802 CCNA

  32. ISL Encapsulation Router(config-subif)# encapsulation islvlan identifier • Enables ISL on a subinterface 640-802 CCNA

  33. Routing Between VLANs FastE0/0 ISL VLAN 2 VLAN 1 interface fastethernet 0/0 no ip address!interface fastethernet 0/0.1ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation isl 1interface fastethernet 0/0.2ip address 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation isl 2 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 640-802 CCNA

  34. Routing Between WANs S0 ISL 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 VLAN 2 VLAN 1 Application TCP IP 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 ISL Ethernet interface Serial0 ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 640-802 CCNA

  35. What is Routing? (1) 10.120.2.0 172.16.1.0 To route, a router needs to know: • Destination addresses • Sources it can learn from • Possible routes • Best route • Maintain and verify routing information 640-802 CCNA

  36. What is Routing? (2) 10.120.2.0 172.16.1.0 E0 S0 NetworkProtocol DestinationNetwork Exit Interface Routed Protocol: IP ConnectedLearned 10.120.2.0172.16.1.0 E0S0 • Routers must learn destinations that are not directly connected 640-802 CCNA

  37. Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes Dynamic Route • Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes Static Route • Uses a route that a networkadministrator enters into the router manually 640-802 CCNA

  38. Static Routes Stub Network 172.16.1.0 SO Network A B B 172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 • Configure unidirectional static routes to and from a stub network to allow communications to occur. 640-802 CCNA

  39. Static Route Example Stub Network 172.16.1.0 SO Network 10.0.0.0 A B B 172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1 • This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route configured in the opposite direction. 640-802 CCNA

  40. Default Routes Stub Network 172.16.1.0 Network SO 10.0.0.0 A B B 172.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2 • This route allows the stub network to reach all known networks beyond router A. 640-802 CCNA

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