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BAHAN GENETIK

BAHAN GENETIK. GENETIC MATERIALS. The genetic material is consisted of :. Chromosomes. called as NUCLEOPROTEIN. Genes. reside along the chromosome. Eukaryotic Chromosomes. Located in the nucleus Each chromosome consists of a single molecule of DNA and its associated proteins

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BAHAN GENETIK

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  1. BAHAN GENETIK

  2. GENETIC MATERIALS The genetic material is consisted of : Chromosomes called as NUCLEOPROTEIN Genes reside along the chromosome

  3. Eukaryotic Chromosomes • Located in the nucleus • Each chromosome consists of a single molecule of DNA • and its associated proteins • The DNA and protein complex found in eukaryotic • chromosomes is called chromatin • 1/3 DNA and 2/3 protein • Complex interactions between proteins and nucleic acids • in the chromosomes regulate gene and chromosomal • function

  4. Double helix DNA

  5. Fungsi DNA • Autokatalitis (replikasisendiri) • Heterokatalitis (transkripsimenjadi RNA)

  6. Asam Ribonukleat (RNA) • RNA merupakan benang tunggal • RNA mengandung gula ribosa • RNA mengandung pirimidin Urasil (U) sebagai pengganti Timin • Molekul lebih pendek drpd molekul DNA • Fungsi dalam sintesis protein

  7. JUMLAH KROMOSOM Jumlah kromosom • Jumlah kromosom dasar dari suatu spesies disebut GENOM, merupakan satu set kromosom (x). • Contoh : jagung (diploid, 2n=2x=20; genom = x=10) kentang (tetraploid, 2n=4x=48, genom = x = 12) • Setiap sel somatik (2n) mengandung setengah jumlah kromosom yang diwariskan dari tetua betina (n) dan setengah jumlah kromosom dari tetua jantan (n) • Contoh : jagung (diploid, 2n=2x=20; gamet : n = x = 10) kentang (tetraploid, 2n=4x=48; gamet : n = 2x = 24)

  8. KROMOSOM Trillium erectum TERMASUK TANAMAN DIPLOID, TRIPLOID ATAU TETRAPLOID? BERAPA GENOM TANAMAN TERSEBUT? BERAPA JUMLAH KROMOSOM PADA GAMET TANAMAN TERSEBUT?

  9. Karyotype Tanaman Bawang Merah TERMASUK TANAMAN DIPLOID, TRIPLOID ATAU TETRAPLOID? BERAPA GENOM TANAMAN TERSEBUT? BERAPA JUMLAH KROMOSOM PADA GAMET TANAMAN TERSEBUT?

  10. STRUKTUR KROMOSOM The essential part of a chromosome is a single very long strand of DNA. This DNA contains all the genetic information for creating and running the organism. The DNA is supported and neatly packaged by proteins bound to it. At different times, these proteins cause the DNA to be spread out like spaghetti in a bowl, or tightly condensed into the X-shaped chromosomes we can see in the microscope. Each chromosome has a central constricted region called a centromere that serves as an attachment point for the machinery of mitosis.

  11. Chromatin structure Compacts DNA ~ 10,000 X From Miller & Therman (2001) Human Chromosomes, Springer

  12. MORPHOLOGY OF CHROMOSOME

  13. MORPHOLOGY OF CHROMOSOME • Individual chromsomes are recognized by arm lengths • p, short arm • q, long arm • Individual chromsomes are recognized by centromere position • metacentric • sub-metacentric • acrocentric • telocentric

  14. Individual chromsomes are recognized by arm lengths • p, short arm • q, long arm

  15. A model of centromere structure

  16. Individual chromsomes are recognized by centromere position

  17. Karyotype The representation of entire metaphase chromosomes in a cell, arranged in order of size and other characteristics

  18. IDEOGRAM • Diagramatic representation • of a karyotype From Miller & Therman (2001) Human Chromosomes, Springer

  19. Chromosome in general (size, shape and number) • Diploid organisms = 2n • Two copies of autosomes • with sex chromosomes • diploid organisms have two cell-types • somatic cells = body’s cells • germ cells = gametes • human bodies ~= 1014 cells • many cell divisions => mitosis • sexual reproduction • require haploid (n) cells => meiosis Human chromosomes = 22 pairs of autosomes + sex chromosome (XX or XY)

  20. CENTRAL DOGMAFrancis Crick, 1958 DNA Replication DNA Transcription RNA PROTEIN Translation

  21. FUNGSI DNA dan RNA • DNA sebagaibahanketurunan, merupakan “blue print” ataucetakbiru • RNA : • mRNAmenerimakode-kodeinformasidari DNA danmembawanyaketempatsintesis protein • tRNAmengenaldanmenggerakkannukleotidabasadarisekitarselkeribosomuntuksintesis protein pada mRNA • rRNAmembentukbagiandariribosomdanbertindaksebagaipengikatpadaribosom

  22. TRANSKRIPSI, TRANSLASI dan SINTESIS PROTEIN • TRANSKRIPSI adalah sintesis RNA dengan cetakan DNA, hanya satu pita DNA yang disalin • TRANSLASI adalah proses pembacaan susunan nukleotida pada mRNA dan sintesis rantai asam amino untuk membentuk molekul protein • SINTESIS PROTEIN

  23. SINTESIS PROTEIN • mRNA adalah pita ribonukleotida tunggal, terdiri dari triplet-triplet (codon=kodon) yang memberi kode untuk asam amino tertentu. Ribosom melekat pada mRNA. tRNA membawa asam amino tertentu ke ribosom. • Ribosom bergerak sepanjang mRNA untuk memastikan bahwa antikodon tRNA berpasangan dengan kodon dari mRNA. Ketika antikodon melekat pada kodon, asam amino melekat pada rantai protein yang sedang dibentuk. • Susunan asam amino dalam molekul protein ditentukan oleh susunan triplet (kodon) tadi pada mRNA. Pada saat ribosom bergerak sepanjang tRNA, asam amino terangkai dengan pola tertentu untuk membentuk molekul protein tertentu.

  24. TYPES OF RNA • mRNA contains codons which code for amino acids.

  25. DNA

  26. TRANSCRIPTION

  27. REMOVAL OF INTRONS

  28. TRANSLATION

  29. GENE EXPRESSION DNA BIOSPHERIC PHENOTYPE RNA POPULATION PROTEIN ORGANISM CELL EFFECT TISSUE

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