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18 th National Works & Engineering Conference:. Case Study B20 Biodiesel Conversion Trial 22 September 2011. Presentation Content. Heading Slide What is Biodiesel 3 Key Drivers 4 Background Information 5, 6 Research & Development 7, 8 Project Design 9 - 12
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18th National Works & Engineering Conference: Case Study B20 Biodiesel Conversion Trial 22 September 2011
Presentation Content Heading Slide What is Biodiesel 3 Key Drivers 4 Background Information 5, 6 Research & Development 7, 8 Project Design 9 - 12 Project Results 13 - 18 Environmental Considerations 19, 20, 21 Preliminary Cost Benefit Analysis 22, 23 Post Trial Implementation 24 Final Thoughts 25 2
What is Biodiesel? • Biodiesel - an alternative fuel promoted with the potential to reduce CO2 emissions through reducing the reliance of fossil fuel use. • Biodiesel is sourced from a variety of materials that contain animal and plant based oils such as tallow, canola and waste cooking oils. • Whittlesea’s trial project used locally sourced feedstock of waste cooking oils and fats of between 80% to 88% (Currently Biomax uses 100%). • Dry land Juncea used as alternative for Canola. B20 = mix of 80% standard diesel & 20% biodiesel, with promoted total carbon dioxide CO2 emissions savings of up to 15%. 3
Key Drivers • Council motion passed in September 2008: • to investigate moving ‘Towards Zero Net Emissions’. • Individual department Managers charged with: • determining the departments current operational carbon footprint • investigating opportunities to reduce emissions. • Motion was a trigger for the Infrastructure Department to: • begin discussions with the Environmental Operations Unit (within the Department), considered to posses the relevant skills & resources. • Aim: develop strategies to best implement this motion in a practical manner. 4
Background Information • Biodiesel Idea! - around for some time for Whittlesea. • Limited knowledge on CO2 emission reductions • Negative stereotype associated with highly variable and poor quality product of the past. • Result within industry = voiding of engine warranty’s with all major automotive manufacturers. • Negative stereotype still remains within the industry to some degree. 5
Background Information Whittlesea currently uses standard diesel to fuel all heavy fleet vehicles (approx. 400,000 litres per annum). Variety of vehicles: • Hard waste collection truck, • street sweepers, • backhoe, • litter collection, and • small twin cab utilities. Two underground diesel storage tanks (46,000L & 5,100L) are located at the Epping Works Depot. 6
Research & Development • Significant research was undertaken. • The aim was to obtain as much robust information on Biodiesel as an alternative fuel within a contemporary context. • Research techniques involved: • discussions with councils that are currently using biodiesel, • liaising with Biodiesel suppliers and experts in the field, and • reading through associated reports/studies from councils and industry sources. • Preliminary discussions were held with Biomax (part of Smorgon Fuels Pty Ltd) who are manufacturers and suppliers of biodiesel currently under contract for bulk fuel supply with the MAV. 7
Research & Development • Initial intention to trial 100% biodiesel for maximum CO2 emission reductions. • However, after discussions with Biomax and further research it became clear that it would not be practical to use biodiesel blends above 20%. • Supply– Biomax was unable to confidently supply council year round with B100 • Environmental Degradation– increased global demand for bio-fuels has the potential to contribute to the removal of native forests within emerging third world economies e.g. plantations of palm oil and other feedstock plantations. • Winter/cold temperatures– waste oils and fats can potentially create problems by solidifying and preventing engines from operating. To overcome this the B100 needs to be blended with other vegetable oils. • Tax incentives– there are no government incentives to use blends above B20. B20 is recognised within the diesel mineral fuel standard and is therefore eligible for fuel tax credits. • Warranty issues– major car/truck manufacturers will not recognise warranty of the vehicle if Biodiesel blends are above 20% are used. 8
Project Design (B20 trial) • To overcome the stereotypical concerns and quantify the potential emission reductions, Whittlesea decided to engage a University to participate in a trial, to obtain actual data specifically for Whittlesea’s circumstances. • Whittlesea was privileged to partner with Biomax and Monash University, with two final year Aeronautical Engineering students conduct testing and analysis. • The aim of the proposed research project was to: • Determine the actual emissions savings, • Performance & fuel efficiencies of various blends B20, B60 & B100, and • Cost implications involved in making the conversion to B20 Biodiesel within the Whittlesea context. 9
Biodiesel Implementation with the City of Whittlesea Environmental Performance Operability • Cold Temperature Properties • Historical Temperature Analysis • CP • CFPP • Additives • Material Compatibility • Local and Global Environmental Impact • Vehicle Emissions • Fuel Efficiency • Life cycle analysis • Fuel Consumption • In-service Testing • Engine Dyno • Chassis Dyno • Engine Performance Project Design (B20 trial) 10
Project Design (B20 trial) • DT80 Test 12
Project Results (B20 trial) Operational Results – Council’s Street Sweeper: • B20 filter testing showed no cold start issues. • B20 able to be used 100% of the year without issue. No additives required. • Filter change only required within a month of initial change over to B20 Performance Results B20, B60 & B100: • No expected fuel usage (per Litre) increase – within 3% testing accuracy (source: Jaber, W. & Tassigiannakis, N (2010) Implementation of Biodiesel at the City of Whittlesea, Monash University.) What the Council is interested in 13
Project Results (B20 trial) Emissions Results: • Carbon Dioxide • Small Increase in CO2 produced per kg of fuel combusted • Council usage of fuel is by volume, thus a reduction in CO2 is seen (normalised by amount of fuel used) (source: Jaber, W. & Tassigiannakis, N (2010) Implementation of Biodiesel at the City of Whittlesea, Monash University.) 14
Project Results (B20 trial) Emissions Results: • Particulate matter (PM) • Total Hydrocarbons (THC) (source: Jaber, W. & Tassigiannakis, N. (2010) Implementation of Biodiesel at the City of Whittlesea, Monash University.) 15
Project Results (B20 trial) Emissions Results: • Carbon Monoxide (CO) • Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) (source: Jaber, W. & Tassigiannakis, N. (2010) Implementation of Biodiesel at the City of Whittlesea, Monash University.) 16
Project Outcomes (B20 trial) • Decrease in tail-pipe THC, CO2 and CO • Increase in NOx still well below EURO4 Standards • Decrease in B20 lifecycle CO2 by 14.36% compared to standard diesel 17
Recommendations of the B20 Trial By Monash University students research: (source: Jaber, W. & Tassigiannakis, N (2010) Implementation of Biodiesel at the City of Whittlesea, Monash University.) • ‘Immediate B20 Implementation • Decrease in CO2 footprint by 14.36% • Decrease in PM (36%) and CO (3%) • Negligible decrease in fuel usage • No low-temperature operability issues • No Required additives or vehicle modifications • Future blends also possible with increasing benefit, scaling with blend.’ 18
Environmental Considerations • Full Life Cycle of Biodiesel needs to be considered • Source of emissions include: • Feedstock • Transportation • Processing • Land Use • By products 19
Environmental Considerations • City of Whittlesea’s Biodiesel is GREEN • 100% Waste cooking oil • Dry Land Juncea • Future Feedstocks • Micro Algae • Poor Feedstock • Palm oil (deforestation) 20
Environmental Considerations • Locally produced or imported feedstock directly affects transportation • Batch Process – Whittlesea Biodiesel • Lower temperature reaction • Produces useful by-products (glycerine) • Low CO2 footprint • Super-critical process • No catalyst, requires much higher temperature • No useful by-products • High CO2 footprint 21
Preliminary Cost Benefit Analysis • Research conducted by CSIRO (Beer, T 2007; 2001), suggests that B20 will result in a reduction of CO2 life cycle emissions by approximately 14 - 15%. • = 158 tonnes of CO2 for Whittlesea’s context of 400,000 litres per year. • Mornington Peninsula Shire & Hume City Council are currently using B20 and indicate the cost of using B20 is on a par with that of normal mineral diesel. • Minor costs through purchase of new fuel filters - due to Biodiesel being a natural cleansing agent. • Preliminary cost analysis and comparison with other carbon emission offset programs such as Greenfleet suggests; B20 = approximately $2,200 per annum saving, if Council opted to offset 15% of it’s heavy fleet emissions at $13.50 per tonne of CO2 emissions. 22
Preliminary Cost Benefit Analysis Potential CO2 Emission & Cost Savings for carbon price set at $20 pertonne 23
Post Trial Implementation Two existing diesel underground tanks at the council depot were filled with B20 biodiesel on 20/07/2011 ; All council heavy fleet and light commercial have been using B20 since without any reported operational issues or problems; and The use and operation of B20 has been well received by regular drivers and mechanics. 24
Final Thoughts • Partnership with the two Monash University engineering students was highly successful; • Mutual benefits for both the students/university and council; and • Council would definitely pursue a similar partnership for future projects and highly recommend this process to other councils. 25
References • Jaber, W. & Tassigiannakis, N (2010) Implementation of Biodiesel at the City of Whittlesea, Monash University • Beer, T, et al 2007, ‘The Greenhouse and air quality emissions of biodiesel blends in Australia’, Report for Caltex Australia Limited, CSIRO • Beer, T, et al 2001, ‘Fuel-cycle greenhouse gas emissions from alternative fuels in Australian heavy vehicles’.
Contact Details • David Sprott • Environmental Engineer • Environmental Operations • City of Whittlesea – Epping Works Depot • Phone: (03) 9401 0547 • Email: david.sprott@whittlesea.vic.gov.au • Web: http://www.whittlesea.vic.gov.au • Address: Works Depot, 68-96 Houston St, Epping