Chapter 16 The Civil War Begins 1861-1862

1. Chapter 16 The Civil War Begins 1861-1862

2. I. Find Out A. How fighting began at Fort Sumter B. The strengths and weaknesses of each side C. Each side’s basic strategy D. The results of the first battle of Bull Run

3. Fort Sumter was located in the harbor of Charleston, SC. under the command of Major Robert Anderson. Lincoln decided to send supplies rather than give it to the Confederates.

4. II. First Shots at Fort Sumter A. Southern states began seizing federal forts inside borders once they seceded B. Lincoln had to decide what to do with those that remained under federal control C. Fort Sumter was located in the harbor of Charleston, SC D. Under command of Major Robert Anderson E. Running out of supplies

5. E. Lincoln risked war if he supplied Fort Sumter F. If he ordered the troops to leave, he was giving in to the rebels G. Lincoln decided to send supplies H. April 12, 1861, at 4:30 a.m. shore guns opened fire on the island fort i. Fired on the fort for 34 hours j. Major Anderson surrendered k. Civil War had begun

6. The Bombardment of Fort Sumter

8. Fort Sumter Under Attack

9. Although there were no casualties during the bombardment, one Union artillerist was killed and three wounded (one mortally) when a cannon exploded prematurely when firing a salute during the evacuation.

10. F. Lincoln Calls Out the Militia 1. Asked for 75,000 militiamen for 90 days 2. Citizens of North responded with enthusiasm 3. Robert E. Lee resigned from Union to fight for the Confederacy Robert E. Lee of Virginia could not turn his back on his native Virginia once the war began.

11. Choosing Sides 1. Four original border states play key role in outcome of war 2. Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky,& Missouri

12. Strengths of North 1. Union has 22 million in population 2. South has 9 million (3.5 M in slaves) 3. 85% of factories in North 4. North has double the railroad mileage 5. Almost all naval power and shipyards in North 6. Great leader in Abraham Lincoln

13. I. Southern Strengths 1. Able generals like Robert E. Lee 2. Fighting a defensive war 3. Defending their homeland

14. The Confederate Strategy 1. Take a defensive position 2.King Cotton a. Hoped to win foreign support through cotton trade b. Withheld cotton from market c. Wanted France and Britain to aid cause d. Surplus in 1861 ruined plan e. Began to take offensive and win big victories

15. The Union Strategy 1. Bring Southern states back into Union 2. Anaconda plan a. Smother South’s economy b. Blockade southern coastline c. Gain control of the Mississippi River

16. The goal of the Anaconda Plan was to cut the South in half by blockading Southern ports and capturing the Mississippi River. This plan was devised by General Winfield Scott.

17. First Battle of Bull Run 1. Confederate troops stationed at Manassas, Va., SW of Washington, D.C. 2. July 21, 1861, Union forces led by General Irvin McDowell clashed with Confederate troops led by Gen. Pierre Beauregard 3. Little creek was called Bull Run where battle was held 4. Stonewall Jackson’s nickname 5. “Rebel Yell” 6. First major battle of war

18. Bull Run was a small creek that was located north of Manassas, Virginia, a railway center southwest of Washington, D.C. On July 21, 1861, Union and Confederate troops clashed in the first real battle of the Civil War. The battle turned into a convincing Confederate victory, and General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson received his famous nickname for standing tall “like a stonewall” in the face of the battle.

19. Stonewall Jackson standing tall during the first Battle of Bull Run. After standing their ground in the face of battle during the Union charge, the Rebels soon Received 9,000 reinforcements which turned the tide of the battle their way. The disorganized Union retreat back to Washington meant defeat for the Union troops.

20. SummarizingAs you read about the outbreak of The Civil War, summarize • the strengths and weaknesses of each side at the time the war was declared.

21. B. SummarizingAs you read about the early days of the war, summarize the Confederate strategy and the Union strategy.

22. C. CategorizingFill in the chart below with information about two early battles of the Civil War.

23. D. SummarizingOn the back of this paper, briefly explain the Anaconda Plan and King Cotton. • Anaconda Plan- The Anaconda Plan was the North’s strategy to try and squeeze the South by blockading the South’s ports and capturing the Mississippi River which would cut the South in half • King Cotton- Southern cotton was important in the world market because the South grew most of the cotton for Europe’s textile mills.

24. Life in the Army A. Find Out 1. Who joined the armies 2. Describe military training and supplies of the era 3. Summarize the hardships of army life 4. Identify changes in military technology

25. The North expected a quick victory when they clashed with Confederates at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861. Afterwards, the North realized that the war was not going to be as quick as they thought.

26. Those Who Fought 1. Majority between 18-30 2. Farmers were largest group 3. Many immigrants served 4. African Americans 5. Native Americans 6. 2 million served in Union 7. Fewer than 1 million in Confederacy

27. Turning Civilians into Soldiers 1. Army camps looked like a sea of canvas tents 2. Grouped by company with 2-20 men in a tent 3. Men elected their company officers 4. Followed routine after roll call and breakfast a. Drills b. Guard duty, cut wood, dug trenches, cleaned up the camp

28. Civil War camps often looked like a sea of canvas tents. Life in the camps was often difficult and demanding.

29. Soldiers take time for a picture during a lull in the fighting.

30. Not all their time was spent fighting. This is a company of soldiers.

31. 5. Uniforms a. Union-blue b. Confederates- gray or yellowish- brown c. Both sides faced shortages of uniforms that fit properly and often traded d. Confederate troops often marched over frozen ground with no shoes

32. 6. Union clothing often poor quality 7. Confederates differed from state to state 8. Took clothes off the dead soldiers 9. Food consisted of beef or salt pork, flour, vegetables, and coffee but supply trains often couldn’t reach battlefield and soldiers went hungry D. Hardships of Army Life 1. Camps were unsanitary and smelled 2. Soldiers were filthy-lice and fleas 3. Poor hygiene resulted in widespread sickness 4. Unclean instruments of doctors caused disease

33. Changes in Military Technology 1. Rifles with grooved barrels 2. Rifles with minié balls 3. Ironclad ships • Both sides • Wooden ships covered in iron

34. Lead minié balls changed battle field tactics because they could shoot more accurately than round balls. When they entered the body they flattened out which caused more serious damage to the body. More soldiers died from infections after being shot than by the wounds themselves.

38. USS Monitor (Union) and the Merrimack (Virginia) squared off in the first ironclad battle on March 9, 1862, off the coast of Virginia. The battle ended in a stalemate.

39. A. Taking NotesAs you read about the lives of ordinary soldiers, make notes about daily life in the military during the Civil War.

40. B. SummarizingOn the back of this paper, briefly identify each of the following. Monitor and Merrimack- In the first ironclad battle, the Confederate Virginia (originally named the Merrimack) battled the Union Monitor off the coast of Virginia in March of 1862. After hammering away for about four hours, The battle ended in a draw. rifle- a gun with a grooved barrel that allows the bullet to spin through the air, giving it greater accuracy and distance. minié ball- a bullet with a hollow base that expands upon firing to fit the grooves of the barrel. Rifles with Minié balls could shoot farther and more accurately than old-fashioned muskets.

41. No End in Sight A. Find Out 1. Analyze the Union victories in the South 2. Explain how the fall of New Orleans helped the Union 3. Analyze Lee’s victories in the East and his decision to invade the North 4. Describe the Battle of Antietam

43. B. Union Victories in the West 1. February of 1862 2. Ulysses S. Grant moves on Tennessee 3. Uses ironclad gunboats 4. Captures two Confederate river forts a. Fort Henry on the Tennessee River b. Fort Donelson on the Cumberland 5. Opened up river highway into the heart of the South 6. Grant’s army moved onto Nashville

44. By taking Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Grant opened the South for Union victories through river travel.

45. C.The Battle of Shiloh (Place of Peace) 1. Confederate commander Albert S. Johnston moved troops to Corinth, MS 2. Grant moved his troops to Pittsburg Landing in Tennessee 3. Johnston’s army surprised Grant’s troops at the Battle of Shiloh in Tennessee 4. Fiercest fighting of war 5. Heavy casualties a. 13,000 Union b. 11,000 Confederate 6. Lincoln says he can’t replace Grant 7. Considered a Union victory

47. D. The Fall of New Orleans 1. April 25, 1862, Union fleet led by David Farragut captured New Orleans 2. Largest city in the South 3. Rebel gunboats tried to ram Union warships, sinking one 4. Dodge burning rafts 5. Left only 150 miles of Mississippi in Confederate hands

48. After capturing New Orleans in 1862, only 150 miles of the Mississippi remained in Union hands.

49. E.Lee Claims Victories in the East 1. Spring 1862 Gen. McClellan (Union) decides to capture Richmond 2. Took troops in stretch of land between York and James Rivers, a few miles within Richmond 3. Jeb Stuart and Calvary surveys Union army 4. Robert E. Lee attacked McClellan’s army 5. Seven Days’ Battles Confederate victory 6. June 25 to July 1, 1862 7. Forced McClellan to retreat and saved Richmond

50. 8. 2nd Battle of Bull Run in August, 1862 9. Another Confederate victory F.Lee Invades the North 1. Crucial time with North at low point 2. Crossed Potomac and invaded Maryland in early September of 1862 3. Hoped victory in the North might get Lincoln to talk peace 4. Might convince France and Britain to aid South if they won a victory