Table of Contents

1. Table of Contents • Pressure • Floating and Sinking • Pascal’s Principle • Bernoulli’s Principle

2. - Pressure What Is Pressure? • Pressure decreases as the area over which a force is distributed increases.

3. The area of a surface is the number of square units that it covers. To find the area of a rectangle, multiply its length by its width. The area of the rectangle below is 2 cm X 3 cm, or 6 cm2. - Pressure Area

4. Practice Problem Which has a greater area: a rectangle that is 5 cm X 20 cm or a square that is 10 cm X 10 cm? Both have the same area, 100 cm2. 5 cm X 20 cm = 100 cm2 10 cm X 10 cm = 100 cm2 - Pressure Area

5. - Pressure Fluid Pressure • All of the forces exerted by the individual particles in a fluid combine to make up the pressure exerted by the fluid.

6. - Pressure Variations in Fluid Pressure • As your elevation increases, atmospheric pressure decreases.

7. - Pressure Variations in Fluid Pressure • Water pressure increases as depth increases.

8. - Pressure Previewing Visuals • Before you read, preview Figure 5. Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. Pressure Variations Q. Why does the pressure change with elevation and depth? A. Air and water exert pressure, so pressure varies depending on how much air or water is above you. Q. How much greater is water pressure at a depth of 6,500 m than it is at sea level? A. It is about 650 times greater.

9. End of Section:Pressure

10. - Floating and Sinking Buoyancy • Water and other fluids exert an upward force called the buoyant force on any submerged object • The pressure on the bottom of a submerged object is greater than the pressure on the top • This is due to increasing pressure with increasing depth in a fluid (water) • The result is a net force in the upward direction or opposite gravity

11. - Floating and Sinking Buoyancy • If an object’s weight is greater than the buoyant force acting on it then it will sink! • An object will float if the buoyant force acting on the object is greater than the weight of the object • A submerged object whose weight is equal to the buoyant force has no net force acting on it and will not sink either!

12. Archimedes’ Principle • Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force acting on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid the object displaces.

13. - Floating and Sinking Buoyancy • Displacement refers to the movement of an object from its original location. • In this case we are referring to the displacement of fluid!

14. OASIS OF THE SEAS!

15. So how does a cruise ship like the Queen of the Seas stay afloat? • Remember that the buoyant force equals the weight of the displace fluid for an object • Larger size objects have a greater buoyant force acting on them than smaller objects do because they displace more fluid (even if they are the same weight) • A ship floats on the surface as long as the buoyant force acting on it is equal to its weight!

16. - Floating and Sinking Buoyancy • A solid block of steel sinks when placed in water. A steel ship with the same weight floats.

17. Density = mass per unit volume

20. - Floating and Sinking Density • Changes in density cause a submarine to dive, rise, or float.

21. - Floating and Sinking Relating Cause and Effect • As you read, identify the reasons why an object sinks. Write them down in a graphic organizer like the one below. Causes Weight is greater than buoyant force. Effect Object is denser than fluid. Object sinks. Object takes on mass and becomes denser than fluid. Object is compressed and becomes denser than fluid.

22. - Floating and Sinking Density • Click the Video button to watch a movie about density.

23. End of Section:Floating and Sinking

24. - Pascal’s Principle Transmitting Pressure in a Fluid • When force is applied to a confined fluid, the change in pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid.

25. - Pascal’s Principle Hydraulic Devices • In a hydraulic device, a force applied to one piston increases the fluid pressure equally throughout the fluid.

26. - Pascal’s Principle Hydraulic Devices • By changing the size of the pistons, the force can be multiplied.

27. - Pascal’s Principle Hydraulic Systems Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about hydraulic systems.

28. - Pascal’s Principle Comparing Hydraulic Lifts • In the hydraulic device in Figure 15, a force applied to the piston on the left produces a lifting force in the piston on the right. The graph shows the relationship between the applied force and the lifting force for two hydraulic lifts.

29. Lift A: 4,000 N; lift B: 2,000 N Reading Graphs: Suppose a force of 1,000 N is applied to both lifts. Use the graph to determine the lifting force of each lift. - Pascal’s Principle Comparing Hydraulic Lifts

30. 3,000 N Reading Graphs: For Lift A, how much force must be applied to lift a 12,000-N object? - Pascal’s Principle Comparing Hydraulic Lifts

31. Lift A: applied force is multiplied by four; lift B: applied force is multiplied by two. Interpreting Data: By how much is the applied force multiplied for each lift? - Pascal’s Principle Comparing Hydraulic Lifts

32. The slope gives the ratio of the lifting force to the applied force. The greater the slope, the more the lift multiplies force. Interpreting Data: What can you learn from the slope of the line for each lift? - Pascal’s Principle Comparing Hydraulic Lifts

33. Lift A, because it multiplies force more than lift B. Drawing Conclusions: Which lift would you choose if you wanted to produce the greater lifting force? - Pascal’s Principle Comparing Hydraulic Lifts

34. - Pascal’s Principle Hydraulic Brakes • The hydraulic brake system of a car multiplies the force exerted on the brake pedal.

35. - Pascal’s Principle Asking Questions • Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions. Question Answer How is pressure transmitted in a fluid? Pressure is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid. What is a hydraulic system? A hydraulic system uses a confined fluid to transmit pressure.

36. End of Section:Pascal’s Principle

37. - Bernoulli’s Principle Bernoulli’s Principle • Bernoulli’s principle states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure within the fluid decreases.

38. - Bernoulli’s Principle Applying Bernoulli’s Principle • Bernoulli’s principle helps explain how planes fly.

39. - Bernoulli’s Principle Applying Bernoulli’s Principle • An atomizer is an application of Bernoulli’s principle.

40. - Bernoulli’s Principle Applying Bernoulli’s Principle • Thanks in part to Bernoulli's principle, you can enjoy an evening by a warm fireplace without the room filling up with smoke.

41. - Bernoulli’s Principle Applying Bernoulli’s Principle • Like an airplane wing, a flying disk uses a curved upper surface to create lift.

42. - Bernoulli’s Principle Identifying Main Ideas • As you read the section “Applying Bernoulli’s Principle,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that further explain the main idea. Main Idea Bernoulli’s principle is a factor that helps explain… Detail Detail Detail how airplanes fly why smoke rises up a chimney how an atomizer works

43. - Bernoulli’s Principle Links on Bernoulli’s Principle • Click the SciLinks button for links on Bernoulli’s principle.

44. End of Section:Bernoulli’s Principle

45. Graphic Organizer How a Hydraulic Device Works Force is applied to a small piston. Pressure in a confined fluid is increased. The pressure is transmitted equally throughout the fluid. The confined fluid presses on a piston with a larger surface area. The original force is multiplied.

46. End of Section:Graphic Organizer