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Lecture 5.4 ( ch 6) Competition, Symbiosis, Keystone Species

Lecture 5.4 ( ch 6) Competition, Symbiosis, Keystone Species. Ecological Niche. Explain this term. Limiting Resources. Any environmental resource that, because it is scarce or at unfavorable levels, restricts the ecological niche of an organism. Explain the Difference. Fundamental niche

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Lecture 5.4 ( ch 6) Competition, Symbiosis, Keystone Species

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  1. Lecture 5.4 (ch 6) Competition, Symbiosis, Keystone Species

  2. Ecological Niche • Explain this term

  3. Limiting Resources • Any environmental resource that, because it is scarce or at unfavorable levels, restricts the ecological niche of an organism

  4. Explain the Difference • Fundamental niche • Realized niche

  5. Ecological Niche • Green Anole and Brown Anole • Fundamental niches of 2 lizards initially overlapped • Brown anole eventually out-competed the green anole- reduced the green anole’s realized niche

  6. Species Distribution • Related to THREE things: • Fundamental Niche abiotic conditions that it can tolerate • Ability to disperse to a new area • Interactions with other species (symbiosis)

  7. Competition • Interaction among organisms that vie for the same resource in an ecosystem • Intraspecific -v- Interspecific Competition

  8. Gause’s Law of Competitive Exclusion • If two similar species occupy similar niches, one will outcompete the other. • One species excludes another from a portion of the same niche as a result of competition for resources 8

  9. Gause’s Law of Competitive Exclusion

  10. Resource Partitioning

  11. Resource Partitioning (fig 6.16) • Temporal Resource Partitioning (Wolves/Coyotes) • Spatial Resource Partitioning (plants/birds) • Morphological Resource Partitioning (Darwin’s Finches)

  12. What Type of Resource Partitioning?

  13. Interactions Among Organisms • Symbiosis • An intimate relationship between members of 2 or more species • Participants may be benefited, harmed or unaffected by the relationship • Results of co-evolution Types: Predation, Mutualism, Commensalism

  14. Predation • Predation- the use of one species as a resource by another species. • True predators • Herbivores • Parasites • Parasitoids

  15. Predation True Predators • The consumption of one species by another • Many predator-prey interactions • Most common is pursuit and ambush

  16. Predation Herbivores

  17. PredationParasites • Symbiotic relationship in which one species is benefited and the other is harmed • Parasites rarely kill their hosts • Ex: Varroa mites and honeybees

  18. PredationParasites • Endoparasites –v- ectoparasite Another example: Misletoe

  19. PredationParasitoids

  20. Video: Parasitoids • Catfish & Ciclids in Lake Victoria Africa

  21. Plant Defenses Against Predation • Plants cannot flee predators • Adaptations • Spikes, thorns, leathery leaves, thick wax • Protective chemicals that are poisonous or unpalatable

  22. Animal Defenses Against Predation • Fleeing or running • Mechanical defenses • Living in groups • Camouflage • Chemical defenses • Mimicry

  23. Prey Defenses-Mimicry

  24. Prey Defenses

  25. Commensalism (+ 0) • Ex: epiphytes and tropical trees • Mosses • Cattle Egret & Livestock

  26. Mutualism (+ +) Ants & Accacia Trees

  27. Mutualism (+ +) • Plants & Pollinators • Coral/zooxanthellae • Lichens • Micorrhizae

  28. Mycorrihzae fungi and plant roots

  29. VIDEO: Mycorrhizae & Plants

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  31. Symbiosis Summary

  32. Keystone Species • Elephants (Video: Acacia Trees-v-Savannas) • Pikas(Video) • Sea Stars • Sea Otters • Kangaroo Rat

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  36. Reintroduction of the Gray Wolf into Yellowstone

  37. Ecosystem Engineers • Beavers • Grizzly Bears

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