Thomas Jefferson

1. Thomas Jefferson Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office

2. .Election of 1800 • Democratic-Republican candidates were Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr • It was intended for Jefferson to be President and Burr to be Vice-President • Federalist candidate was John Adams • Considered one of the nastiest political campaigns • Democratic-Republicans against Alien & Sedition Acts because didn’t honor Bill of Rights • Federalists accused Democratic-Republicans of being radicals – people who take extreme political positions • The problem was that Jefferson & Burr received the same number of votes—it was a tie!

3. Breaking the Tie • Constitution stated that in the event of a tie, the House of Representatives would break a tie. • The majority of members of the House were Federalists—They were split down the middle • After 35 ballots, the House finally voted Jefferson into office as the third President of the United States—Aaron Burr was his Vice-President • Hamilton helped sway House to Jefferson • Burr killed Hamilton in 1804 in duel

4. The Talented Jefferson • Advised architects and designers who designed Washington DC • Designed his classical style home Monticello • Inventor – storm windows, 7-day clock, dumbwaiter, copier, SWIVEL CHAIR • Architect, inventor, violinist, scientist, reader, writer, statesman • Book collection became core of Library of Congress

5. Jefferson’s Philosophy • He wanted the nation to remain a nation of small independent farms rather than large cities • He was humble, walking to his inauguration rather than riding in a fancy carriage. • His belief in a modest role for government was shown on his simple epitaph – “Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, of the statue of Virginia for religious freedom, and father of the University of Virginia.

6. Undoing FederalistsPrograms • Ended the Alien and Sedition Acts • Released prisoners convicted under the Alien and Sedition Acts • Ended many taxes (Whiskey Tax) • Reduced the number of government employees • Reduced the size of the military • Paid off public debt with money raised from land sales and tariffs

7. Judiciary Act of 1801 • Expanded the role of the federal judicial system • Allowed Adams to appoint new Federalist judges that would serve for life • He did this during his lame duck period • Purpose was to limit the number of judges Jefferson could appoint after taking office • Judges appointed for life so Jefferson frustrated by Federalist's controlled courts

8. Marshall and the Judiciary • John Marshall was a Federalist that was Adams’ Secretary of State • John Jay declined re-appointment in 1801 • Adams quickly named Marshall as the new Chief Justice & he was confirmed by the Senate while the Federalists still controlled Congress • Served 3 decades – strengthened federal authority and federal courts

9. Marbury v. Madison • Jefferson’s new Secretary of State, James Madison refused to install William Marbury in his newly appointed position. • Marbury sued but the Supreme Court said the law under which he sued was unconstitutional • Marbury v. Madison became the case that established the power of the Supreme Court to strike out laws or “declare laws as unconstitutional” (Judicial Review) • The first time the Supreme Court used their power of judicial review • Guaranteed that the judicial branch would work independently from the other two branches • The assertion of the power of judicial review is attributed to Marshall • Judicial Review is considered one of strongest powers

10. Hamilton “If there be a man in the world I ought to hate, it is Jefferson…But the public good must be paramount to every private consideration.” BACK

11. Thomas Jefferson Section 2 – The Louisiana Purchase and Exploration

12. The West in 1800 • The “WEST” in 1800 referred to the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. • Americans were moving on to Native American lands and soon Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio became states. • France and Spain were discussing ownership of the Louisiana Territory. (Land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains) • Britain, Spain and Russia all claimed territory on the Pacific • Threats to use of the Mississippi River and use of the Port of New Orleans brought America to the brink of war.

13. Napoleon and New Orleans • In 1800 Spain ceded Louisiana and port of New Orleans to France. • Port of New Orleans gets closed to Americans. • Westerners are outraged so Jefferson offers to buy New Orleans from new owner, France. • Surprisingly the French offer to sell all of the Louisiana Territory.

14. The Louisiana Purchase • 3 factors may have influenced Napoleon to sell: • 1. America’s determination to keep New Orleans • 2. France suffered losses in revolt in West Indies. • 3. France involved in costly war with England. • Jefferson faced dilemma “strict interpretation of Constitution” didn’t provide for this, but because believed in nation of farmers, bought it! • Jefferson decided to purchase Louisiana Territory for $15 million (about 3 cents per acre) • Purchase doubled size of U.S.

15. Lewis and Clark Explore • Meriwether Lewis and William Clark are chosen to lead the expedition of the newly purchased territory. • Clark was accompanied by York, his African American slave. • The expedition set out from St Louis in 1804.

16. Up the Missouri River • Jefferson directed them to explore the river and try to find water route across the continent, establish good relations with the Native Americans and describe and MAP the landscape, plants and animals they see. • Progress was slow and dependent on help from Native Americans and French. • Sacagawea, a Shoshone became their guide.

17. On the Pacific Ocean • Lewis and Clark got help from the Shoshone, Sacagawea's tribe. • Went as far as Pacific. • Brought back wealth of scientific and geographic information. • Found all water route across the continent DID NOT exist.

18. Pike’s Expedition • In 1806, Zebulon Pike, set off on a southerly route from St. Louis in an attempt to find the sources of the Arkansas and Red Rivers. (They were looking for the boundary of Spanish territory). • Pikes Peak in the Rocky Mountains is named after him, although he didn’t climb it. • Instead of running into Red River, found Rio Grande which was in Spanish territory and he and his men were arrested. • Released by Spanish officials and brought back information of Great Plains and Rio Grande Valley.

19. Effects of Exploration • Tales of adventure and scientific and geographical information • Accurate Maps by Lewis, Clark and Pike would help later travelers in their trek West. • Exploration boosted Growth of Fur Trade and hunters and trappers added to knowledge of West. • Pike’s maps gave a Mistaken View of the Great Plains because he made them seem like they were useless for farming.