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Gross Brain Overview: Part I

Gross Brain Overview: Part I. Basic Neuroscience James H. Baños, Ph.D. Overview. Anatomical Directions Cranial Fossa Meninges Pathology of the Cranial Fossa & Meninges. Anatomical Directions. Dorsal fin. Anatomical Directions. Dorsal fin. Anatomical Directions. Dorsal fin.

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Gross Brain Overview: Part I

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  1. Gross Brain Overview: Part I Basic Neuroscience James H. Baños, Ph.D.

  2. Overview • Anatomical Directions • Cranial Fossa • Meninges • Pathology of the Cranial Fossa & Meninges

  3. Anatomical Directions Dorsal fin

  4. Anatomical Directions Dorsal fin

  5. Anatomical Directions Dorsal fin

  6. Anatomical Directions Dorsal Ventral

  7. Anatomical Directions Dorsal Caudal Caudus = tail Rostral Rostrum = Stage or speaking platform Ventral

  8. Anatomical Directions Dorsal-ventral and rostral-caudal are with respect to the neuraxis Dorsal Rostral Caudal Ventral

  9. Anatomical Directions But wait……we evolved

  10. Anatomical Directions But wait……we evolved… Dorsal Caudal Rostral Ventral Dorsal Rostral Caudal Ventral Ventral Dorsal Caudal

  11. Anatomical Directions Rostral Caudal Caudal

  12. Anatomical Directions Dorsal Ventral Dorsal Ventral

  13. Anatomical Directions Anterior-posterior and superior-inferior are in 3-D space And do not respect the neuraxis. Superior Posterior Anterior Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Inferior

  14. Anatomical Directions Medial-lateral can also respect either the midline, or some other reference point Lateral A B Medial

  15. Anatomical Directions Just to keep it interesting: Mesial = Medial

  16. Anatomical Directions Proximal Distal

  17. Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral • Ipsilateral -- On the same side, with respect to a reference point • Contralateral -- Opposite side, with respect to a reference point

  18. Anatomical Planes Sagittal Plane Horizontal/axial Plane Transverse Section Coronal Plane

  19. Coronal Plane Corona = crown….but think Statue of Liberty

  20. Sagittal Plane Mid-sagittal plane Sagittal MRI

  21. Horizontal Plane • AKA: • Axial plane • CT plane

  22. Cranial Fossa

  23. Cranial Fossa • Distinct areas of the skull base • Contain and support various parts of the brain • Contact point for the meninges

  24. Cranial Fossa Anterior cranial fossa -- frontal lobes Middle cranial fossa -- Temporal lobes Posterior cranial fossa -- Cerebellum and brain stem

  25. Cranial fossa contain lumen, or holes forcranial nerves, arterial supply, and venous drainage

  26. Meninges

  27. Meninges • Three layers covering the brain • Dura mater • Arachnoid • Pia mater • Support, protection • Contain circulating CSF that supports the brain

  28. Meninges

  29. Dura Mater • “Tough Mother” • Thick, leathery outer covering • Adheres to inner surface of skull • Support, and forms sinus system (veinous drainage) • Pain sensitive • Has own blood supply -- Middle meningeal artery

  30. Arachnoid • Spongy/fibrous layer between the dura and pia • Collagenous connective tissue • Keep brain suspended in meninges • Subarachnoid space • Contains CSF

  31. Pia Mater • Innermost layer • Adheres almost indistinguishably to cortical surface, including sulci and gyri • Difficult to see grossly or remove

  32. Dura Mater

  33. Dura Mater Middle meningeal artery

  34. Arachnoid

  35. Arachnoid

  36. Pia and arachnoid together are sometimes referred to as the leptomeninges • CSF flows between the arachnoid and pia in the subarachnoid space

  37. Dural Reflections

  38. Dural Reflections • Also called dural septa • In certain places, the dura doubles on itself and forms a division or partition between parts of the brain • Falx cerebri • Tentorium cerebelli

  39. Falx Cerebri • Extends down the longitudinal fissure, between the cerebral hemispheres • Forms the triangular-shaped superior sagittal sinus superiorly

  40. Falx Cerebri

  41. Falx Cerebri

  42. Tentorium Cerebelli • Extends inward between the cerebellum and occipital lobes • Forms a “soft top” for the posterior cranial fossa • Brain stem passes through tentorial notch • Forms the transverse sinus posteriorly

  43. Tentorium Cerebelli

  44. Tentorium Cerebelli

  45. Tentorium Cerebelli

  46. Pathology of the Meninges

  47. Meningitis • Infection/inflammation of the meninges • Bacterial • Viral • Can progress to • More widespread CNS infection • Hydrocephalus, if flow of CSF is blocked (e.g., purulent accumulation)

  48. Bleeds • Epidural Hematoma • Rupture of middle meningeal artery • Blood accumulates between dura and skull • Mass effect compresses brain • Fed by arterial perfusion…can grow quickly

  49. Bleeds • Epidural Hematoma Mass effect Midline shift

  50. Bleeds • Subdural Hematoma • Rupture of bridging veins from surface of cortex to veinous sinuses (e.g., superior sagittal sinus) • Accumulates more slowly (veins) • Still results in mass effect and compression of the brain • Older people particularly susceptible. Why?

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