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Chapter 16, part 1

Chapter 16, part 1. Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher Order Functions. Learning Objectives. Compare the organization of the autonomic nervous system with the somatic nervous system.

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Chapter 16, part 1

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  1. Chapter 16, part 1 Neural Integration II: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher Order Functions

  2. Learning Objectives • Compare the organization of the autonomic nervous system with the somatic nervous system. • Describe the structures and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS. • Describe the mechanisms of neurotransmitter release in the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. • Describe the effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters on target organs and tissues.

  3. Learning Objectives • Describe the hierarchy of interacting levels of control in the ANS • Explain how memories are created, stored and recalled. • Summarize the effects of aging on the nervous system.

  4. SECTION 16-1An Overview of the ANS

  5. ANS • Coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive functions • Preganglionic neurons in the CNS send axons to synapse on ganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS

  6. Divisions of the ANS • Sympathetic division (thoracolumbar, “fight or flight”) • Thoracic and lumbar segments • Parasympathetic division (craniosacral, “rest and repose”) • Preganglionic fibers leaving the brain and sacral segments

  7. SECTION 16-2The Sympathetic Division

  8. Sympathetic division anatomy • Preganglionic neurons between segments T1 and L2 • Ganglionic neurons in ganglia near vertebral column • Specialized neurons in adrenal glands

  9. Figure 16.3 The Organization of the Sympathetic Division of the ANS Figure 16.3

  10. Sympathetic ganglia • Sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) • Collateral ganglia (prevertebral ganglia)

  11. Figure 16.4 Sympathetic Pathways Figure 16.4a

  12. Figure 16.4 Sympathetic Pathways Figure 16.4b

  13. Figure 16.4 Sympathetic Pathways Figure 16.4c

  14. Organization and anatomy of the sympathetic division • Segments T1-L2, ventral roots give rise to myelinated white ramus • Leads to sympathetic chain ganglia

  15. Figure 16.5 The Distribution of Sympathetic Innervation PLAY Animation: The sympathetic division Figure 16.5

  16. Postganglionic fibers • Rejoin spinal nerves and reach their destination by way of the dorsal and ventral rami • Those targeting structures in the thoracic cavity form sympathetic nerves • Go directly to their destination

  17. Abdominopelvic viscera • Sympathetic innervation via preganglionic fibers that synapse within collateral ganglia • Splanchic nerves

  18. Abdominopelvic viscera • Celiac ganglion • Innervates stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen • Superior mesenteric ganglion • Innervates small intestine and initial portion of large intestine • Inferior mesenteric ganglion • Innervates kidney, urinary bladder, sex organs, and final portion of large intestine

  19. Sympathetic activation • In crises, the entire sympathetic division responds • Sympathetic activation • Affects include increased alertness, energy and euphoria, increased cardiovascular and respiratory activities, elevation in muscle tone, mobilization of energy resources

  20. Neurotransmitters and sympathetic function • Stimulation of sympathetic division has two distinct results • Release of ACh or NE at specific locations • Secretion of E and NE into general circulation • Most postganglionic fibers are adrenergic, a few are cholinergic or nitroxidergic • Two types of receptors are alpha receptors and beta receptors • Sympathetic ganglionic neurons end in telodendria studded with varicosities filled with neurotransmitter

  21. Figure 16.6 Sympathetic Variosities Figure 16.6

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