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Migrations of Filipinos to the United States

Migrations of Filipinos to the United States. By: Lucia Zhang and Jane Recker. Types of Filipinos. Pensionados —comprised of the educated and initially middle class Filipinos and government scholars who came to the US to study.

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Migrations of Filipinos to the United States

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  1. Migrations of Filipinos to the United States By: Lucia Zhang and Jane Recker

  2. Types of Filipinos • Pensionados—comprised of the educated and initially middle class Filipinos and government scholars who came to the US to study. • Poor Filipinos who came as a cheap labor supply. Usually made US their new home.

  3. Pensionados • U.S. goal—political tutelage. • Trained Filipinos in lessons of self-rule to create a pool of qualified, highly educated civil servants with American ideals  Pensionado Act. • Chosen from Filipino elite, some women. • As American democratic ideals took root in Filipino colonies, education spread to young, intelligent individuals, not necessarily rich. • Final goal: to become apensionado. Promised a bright future.

  4. Labor Migration in Hawaii • Most Filipino migrants came as cheap labor. • Hawaii’s economy—sugar production supported by plantation labor. • Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association (HSPA)—managed recruitment centers. • Estimated 3,000 workers arrived yearly. • Tydings-McDuffie Law was passed. Aside from creating the Philippine Commonwealth, a ten year transition government prior to Philippine independence, the law also restricted immigration to the U.S. to only fifty Filipinos each year

  5. Reasons of Filipino Migration • Glory, happiness, prosperity. • Earning and saving money to return home and life comfortably.

  6. Preference for Filipino Workers • First—Cheapest to pay. Lowest wages. • Second—Philippines U.S. colony, Filipinos technically U.S. nationals. • Third—alternative for Japanese laborers who started many strikes. • Fourth—Filipinos know how to grow sugar. • Fifth—most Filipinos uneducated, unlikely to cause problems.

  7. Plantation Life • Sakads—workers. • Luna—supervisor. • Work extremely difficult and demanding. • Living arrangements, job assignments, wages based on ethnicity.

  8. Filipino Migrant Workers in California • Agricultural economy—workers moved from farm to farm. • Steady need of labor. • Filipinos, good and fast workers, quicker learners, will to work for low wages.

  9. Racial Discrimination and Revolts • Often viewed as “half-civilized”, uneducated and worthless. • Racism especially strong towards Filipinos—thought that they were taking the jobs of white workers. • Relations with white women. • Strong dislike led to revolts by the white workers.

  10. Filipino Migrations to Other Parts of the U.S. • Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, New York, Chicago.

  11. Impact of World War II • Transformed American attitudes toward Filipinos. • Allowed to be drafted into army. • Led to Nationality Act—allowed noncitizens who joined the military to have citizenship.

  12. Sakada 1946 • Labor shortages after war. • To keep plantations optional, U.S. granted exemption of the immigration law for Filipinos. • This group of immigrants known as Sakada—more educated, came with families.

  13. Sources • http://opmanong.ssc.hawaii.edu/filipino/filmig.html • http://www.migrationinformation.org/usfocus/display.cfm?ID=694

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