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ITCE 720A Autonomic Wireless Networking

ITCE 720A Autonomic Wireless Networking. Fall 200 9 Prof. Chansu Yu chansuyu@gmail.com c.yu91 @ csuohio.edu. Who am I. Industry Experience at GoldStar/LG (1984-1997) Handheld PC at LG Inc. Microsoft’s Windows CE Hitachi’s SH3 Microprocessor Design Issues Interrupt latencies

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ITCE 720A Autonomic Wireless Networking

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  1. ITCE 720A Autonomic Wireless Networking Fall 2009 Prof. Chansu Yu chansuyu@gmail.com c.yu91@csuohio.edu 1

  2. Who am I • Industry Experience at GoldStar/LG (1984-1997) • Handheld PC at LG Inc. • Microsoft’s Windows CE • Hitachi’s SH3 Microprocessor • Design Issues • Interrupt latencies • Power modes & Energy saving • Cache performance (Accessible cache) • ARM Support (Virtual cache) 2

  3. Who am I • PC BIOS (Basic Input/Output Systems) Project at GoldStar Inc. • Clean room process • Specification writing team : aware of BIOS code • Bios writing team : virgin engineers • I was in the Specification team to work on POST (Power-on-self-test) & HDD (hard disk drive) 3

  4. Who am I • Academic experience • ICU (1998-2001) • Cleveland State University (2001-Current), USA • Projects in academia • WebCam with Blue Cord Technology Co. • Remote monitor with ETRI • Energy-aware mobile networking • TDMA-based sensor networks • Current projects • Performability in Mobile Wireless Networks (NSF) • Exploring Data Access in Internet-based Wireless Mobile Networks (NSF) • Low-power Wireless Networking in Software Radio Systems (Fenn) • Improving Work Zone Safety using Sensor Networks (CSU) • Seamless Connectivity and High Fidelity Communications in Multihop Wireless Mesh Networks (NSF, pending) 4

  5. Cleveland, OHIO • 1796: Established in 1796 by Cleveland • 1930: City population is 1M and the 5th • 2008: City population is 0.5M • 1951: Disc jockey Alan Freed at radio station WJW began playing a certain type of music for a multi-racial audience. Freed coined the phrease "rock and roll" to describe the rollicking R&B music. He organized the first rock and roll concert called "The Moondog Coronation Ball“ • Severance Hall (1931, Cleveland Orchestra) • Cleveland Clinic (1921, Ranking 3 after Johns Hopkins and Mayo) 5

  6. LeBron James (24), Cleveland Cavaliers • The No. 1 overall pick in the 2003 NBA draft ($20M/year contract @ 2008, one of the highest-paid athlete in US) • 1983: Gordon Gund purchased @ $20M • 2005: Gordon Gund sold @ $375M • Value @ 2007: $455M ($202M @ 2002) • 32-of-41 regular season games were sold out (50% in 2002) • 17 games televised in China (0 in 2002) • Cleveland Cavaliers won the first Eastern Conference Championship in 2007 6

  7. Shin-Soo Choo (27), Cleveland Indians 7

  8. Introduction 8

  9. Evolution of Computing Single user systems Batch processing Time-sharing Networked computing Mobile computing & Ubiquitous computing Autonomic computing (mobile devices + wireless communication + autonomic networking) 9

  10. Mobile Computing Goal Access information anywhere, anytime Aliases Nomadic computing, wireless computing, ubiquitous computing, wearable computing Entire new class of applications New massive markets Personal computing + consumer electronics + wireless communication Collaborative computing, vehicle dispatching, point of sale, mail enabled applications, filtered information provision, … 10

  11. 1. Mobile Computers 11

  12. Information at your Fingertips Handheld or Pocket PC, PDA PC players - easy interface on a computer : Apple Newton, HP Palmtop, Microsoft Windows CE Electronics players - computing on home appliance : Sharp Zaurus, Philips Velo, Psion Series, 3Com (USR) PalmPilot Starts from and targets PC metaphor (users) Shrunken PC user interface : ex) stylus for mouse Simple PIM applications : Personal Information Mgmt Strong connectivity to Windows PC via IR or Serial PCMCIA, USB, IrDA, Mini-card, Flash ROM Stand-alone device but can add networks 12

  13. Mobility Issues Bandwidth restrictions and variability Location-aware network operation User may wake up in a new environment Dynamic replication of data Querying wireless data & location-based responses Bursty network activity during connections & handling disconnections Disconnection OS and File System Issues - allow for disconnected operation Database System Issues - when disconnected, based on local data 13

  14. Portability Issues Battery power restrictions Risks to data Physical damage, loss, theft unauthorized access encrypt data stored on mobiles backup critical data to fixed (reliable) hosts Small user interface Small displays due to battery power and aspect ratio constraints Cannot open too many windows Difficult to click on miniature icons Input - Graffiti, (Dictionary-based) Expectation Gesture or handwriting recognition with Stylus Pen Voice matching or voice recognition 14

  15. Portability Issues : Power Management Key Ideas Subsystems may have small duty factor Power down individual components when they are idle Approach Go to reduced mode after idle for a few time Predictive approach : use history to predict But, Cost of restarting : latency and power Alternatives Pre-wakeup Dynamic Voltage Scaling Intel SpeedStep Transmeta Crusoe CPU Speed Same area = same work But energy is saved due to low voltage CPU Speed 15

  16. Portability Issues : Power Management 802.11 (WaveLAN-II) Bluetooth (Nokia) Hardware State Mode of Operation Mode of Operation Hardware State Transmit (300mA) Receive (250mA) Idle(Listen) (230mA) Active Active (40-60mA) Awake Connection Power Save Sniff Hold Doze Park Sleep (9mA) Standby (0.55mA) Standby 768 Kbps, 10-100 meters 2 Mbps, 250 meters 16

  17. 2. Wireless Communication Main research challenges due to mobility variable communication conditions energy limitations Effects on different layers of OSI hierarchy mobile communication : physical/MAC layer mobile computing : data link/network/transport layer Research Issues Mobile Networking - Network Layer Mobile IP Location Management Multicasting Ad-hoc networking Mobile Networking - Transport Layer 17

  18. Mobile Networking How the network/transport layer protocols are affected in mobile and wireless environment Mobility Management - Network Layer Mobile unit's physical location is no longer determines its network address - does not know where a given user is how to route messages Approaches Internet community: mobile IP (extends IP, connectionless) Cellular communication community: location management (connection-oriented) 18

  19. Location (Mobility) Management Mobility management Find an adequate tradeoff between searching and informing Searching by the system Informing by the mobile hosts when MHs receives messages frequently when MHs does not move between cells often Multicasting Possible to receive no / multiple identical messages Multicasting is a challenge how to guarantee “exactly once” or “at least once” delivery in an efficient manner MCAST protocol is proposed how to maintain a “group view” - the set of MSSs for multicasting 19

  20. Mobile Ad-hoc Networking Ultimate challenge for mobile networking Mobile terminals can form networks without participation of the fixed infrastructure, arise in rapid-deployment situations emergency service at a disaster site military operations in a remote area business meetings held in venues without network infra sensor networks Highly dynamic frequent change of routing table a given terminal can serve as a router now but no longer be a short time later 20

  21. Mobile Ad-hoc Networking 21

  22. 3. Embedded Systems Hardware Embedded processors & embedded peripherals Interfacing Interacts with environments Sensing and controlling externals Real-time constrains I/O : System bus, I2C, Parallel, Serial, IR, RF, PCMCIA Software Embedded OS Palm OS, Windows CE, Embedded Linux, … Cross development & Emulation Workload characterization 22

  23. David Tennenhouse, “Proactive computing,” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 43-50, May 2000 23

  24. Karen W. Markus and Kaigham J. Gabriel, “MEMS: The Systems Function Revolution,” IEEE Computer, pp.25-31, Oct. 1999. 24

  25. 25

  26. Market Fragmentation (RTOS) • Severely Fragmented • In-house trend indicative that “One Size” does not fit all • Market trends indicates value in tool chain and applications, NOT in kernel 26

  27. Workload Characterization Jakob Engblom Studied Embedded Programs 13 applications, 337 kloc Various industrial applications: Telecomm, Vehicles, Consumer Products, … Embedded, partially real-time programs Medium-capacity 8- and 16-bit CPUs: Z80, 68HC11, C166, MELPS7000, H8, … Medium-to-large European companies 27

  28. Variables: Integers • SpecInt95 integers • Embedded integers 28

  29. Parameters and Return Values • SpecInt95 • Embedded 29

  30. 4. Ubiquitous Computing Whenever people learn something sufficiently well, they cease to be aware of it Location-based services, shared meeting applications <-> Virtual reality : make a world inside the computer Hundreds of computers in a room “share situations” Examples Active Badge - door control, phone call forwarding, terminal preference Tab - instant votes, library map 30

  31. G. W. Fitzmaurice, “Situated Information Spaces and Spatially Aware Palmtop Computers,” Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 7, pp. 39-49, Jul. 1993 (this issue contains many other related articles including M. Weiser’s). 31

  32. 32

  33. Active Badges Purpose locating individuals within a building by determining the location of their Active Badge (and thus, telephone calls can be routed) Method This small device worn by personnel transmits a unique infra-red signal every 10 seconds (for 0.1 sec to reduce collision probability) Each office within a building is equipped with one or more networked sensors which detect these transmissions The location of the badge (and hence its wearer) can thus be determined on the basis of information provided by these sensors 33

  34. M. Spreitzer and M. Theimer, “Providing Location Information in a Ubiquitous Computing Environment,” Mobile Computing, Edited by T. Imielinski and H. F. Korth, Chapter 15, Kluwer Academic Pub., 1996. 34

  35. Hiroaki Koshima & Joseph Hoshen, “Personal locator services emerge,” IEEE Spectrum, pp. 41-48, Feb. 2000. Geolocation system architecture links the user of a locator with a subscriber to the service by way of location service providers, a location center, and a wireless network. The arrows in the diagram represent the flow of data for a subscriber [lower left] seeking a user. 35

  36. 5. Autonomic networking integration of heterogeneous fixed andmobile networks with varyingtransmission characteristics regional vertical handover metropolitan area campus-based horizontal handover in-house 36

  37. Wireless systems: overview of the development cordlessphones wireless LAN cellular phones satellites 1980:CT0 1981: NMT 450 1982: Inmarsat-A 1983: AMPS 1984:CT1 1986: NMT 900 1987:CT1+ 1988: Inmarsat-C 1989: CT 2 1991: CDMA 1991: D-AMPS 1991: DECT 199x: proprietary 1992: GSM 1992: Inmarsat-B Inmarsat-M 1993: PDC 1997: IEEE 802.11 1994:DCS 1800 1998: Iridium 1999: 802.11b, Bluetooth 2000: IEEE 802.11a 2000:GPRS analogue 2001: IMT-2000 digital 200?: Fourth Generation (Internet based) 37

  38. IEEE 802.11a PHY Standard : 8 channels : 54 Mbps IEEE 802.11b PHY Standard : 3 channels : 11 Mbps IEEE 802.11d MAC Standard : operate in variable power levels IEEE 802.11e MAC Standard : QoS support IEEE 802.11f Inter-Access Point Protocol IEEE 802.11g PHY Standard: 3 channels : OFDM and PBCC IEEE 802.11h Supplementary MAC Standard: TPC and DFS IEEE 802.11i Supplementary MAC Standard: Alternative WEP IEEE 802.11 Protocols 38

  39. Typical application: road traffic UMTS, WLAN, DAB, GSM, cdma2000, TETRA, ... ad hoc Personal Travel Assistant, DAB, PDA, laptop, GSM, UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth, ... 39

  40. Autonomic Wireless Networking • Diverse systems and solutions motivate us to consider self-* networks • Applications and services are not ported onto a preexisting network, but the network itself grows out of the applications and the services that end users want • Service-driven, situated, self-controlled, self-organized, technology-independent, and scalable • Network is not just a “data transport engine” but more like an “information transport/processing engine” 40

  41. Software-defined and Cognitive Radios • Cognitive radio is “an intelligent wireless communication system that is aware of its environment … adapts to statistical variations in the input stimuli, with two primary objectives in mind – highly reliable communication and efficient utilization of the radio spectrum.” (Simon Haykin, IEEE JSAC, 2005) • Three fundamental cognitive tasks are • radio-scene analysis, • channel-state estimation and predictive modeling, and • transmit power control and dynamic spectrum management • Technical foundation of cognitive radio is software-defined radio platform • GNU Radio and USRP • SORA (MSR China) • CalRadio (UC) • Etc. 41

  42. USRP & GNU Radio USRP Hardware - Block Diagram Fig. source - http://www.nd.edu/~jnl/sdr/docs/tutorials/4.pdf Hardware picture source: Ettus Research (www.ettus.com)‏

  43. Architecture DAC RF Front end USB FPGA Receiver User-defined Code ADC RF Front end USB FPGA Sender User-defined Code PC USRP (mother board) USRP (daughter board) 43

  44. ACM MobiCom’07 44

  45. ACM SigComm’07 45

  46. IEEE Workshop .., 2006 46

  47. BBN Technical Memo, 2006 Revised and published in IEEE MILCOM, 2007 47

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