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Sequencing extinct human ancestors

Sequencing extinct human ancestors. Credits to Vanessa Patel for some of the slides. The Hominid Lineage. Archaeology. Archaeology – “the scientific study of material remains (as fossil relics, artifacts, and monuments) of past human life and activities ”

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Sequencing extinct human ancestors

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  1. Sequencing extinct human ancestors Credits to Vanessa Patel for some of the slides

  2. The Hominid Lineage

  3. Archaeology • Archaeology – “the scientific study of material remains (as fossil relics, artifacts, and monuments) of past human life and activities” • Studies the time period starting at the Paleolithic time until the advent of literacy

  4. The Neanderthal Genome • From bones, compared genomes of three different Neanderthals with five genomes from modern humans from different areas of the world • Figure 1- R. E. Green et al., Science 328, 710-722 (2010)

  5. Genomic Analysis Stoneking, Krause, Nature Reviews Genetics 2011

  6. Genomic Analysis Stoneking, Krause, Nature Reviews Genetics 2011

  7. Neanderthal Genome

  8. Neanderthal Genome

  9. Model-based analyses Stoneking, Krause, Nature Reviews Genetics 2011

  10. Neanderthal Genome

  11. Neanderthal Genome

  12. Denisovan– Another human relative

  13. Denisovan– Another human relative

  14. Out of Africa Refined Stoneking, Krause, Nature Reviews Genetics 2011

  15. Denisovan

  16. DenisovanAdmixture

  17. Denisovan Admixture

  18. Aboriginal Australian

  19. Aboriginal Australian

  20. Archaic African Admixtures

  21. Archaic African Admixture

  22. Fixation, Positive & Negative Selection How can we detect negative selection? How can we detect positive selection? Negative Selection Neutral Drift Positive Selection

  23. How can we detect positive selection? Ka/Ks ratio: Ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions Very old, persistent, strong positive selection for a protein that keeps adapting Examples: immune response, spermatogenesis

  24. How can we detect positive selection?

  25. Long Haplotypes –iHS test • Less time: • Fewer mutations • Fewer recombinations

  26. Neanderthal Immune System

  27. Neanderthal Immune System

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