1 / 53

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Animalia . Biology I Honors. Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom. Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic No Cell Walls. Evolutionary Trends in Animals. Animals (like all life forms) follow a trend in their evolution from the early forms to the ones we have today:

zea
Télécharger la présentation

Kingdom Animalia

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Kingdom Animalia Biology I Honors

  2. Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • No Cell Walls

  3. Evolutionary Trends in Animals • Animals (like all life forms) follow a trend in their evolution from the early forms to the ones we have today: • SIMPLE to COMPLEX • Keep this in mind as you view the information on trends in basic animal body forms… • Body symmetry • Tissue Layers • Body Cavities • Cephalization

  4. Body Symmetry • Body symmetry refers to how many different imaginary planes (cuts) through an animal’s body will result in two symmetrical halves. • There are 3 types of symmetry

  5. Body Symmetry Types • Assymetry • the animal lacks symmetry. • There is no plane through which you could cut it and get two symmetrical halves. • Only ONE animal group has this type: • Sponges

  6. Body Symmetry Types • Radial Symmetry • Symmetry like that of a bicycle wheel. • Any number of imaginary planes can divide the body into two equal, symmetrical halves.

  7. Body Symmetry Types • BilateralSymmetry • Symmetry in which only ONE plane will result in two symmetrical halves. • Most advanced type • results in the following body regions: • Dorsal – back side • Ventral – belly side • Anterior – head end • Posterior – tail end

  8. Body Regions in Bilateral Animals Dorsal Anterior Posterior Ventral

  9. Evolutionary Trends in Animal Tissue Layers • 3 Fundamental animal tissues exist • Ectoderm • Outermost layer • Mesoderm • Middle layer • Endoderm • Innermost layer • Not all animals possess all 3 • Sponges have NONE • Jellyfish have only TWO • More advanced animals have ALL THREE

  10. Evolutionary Trends in Body Cavities (spaces) coelom • A body cavity is a space in an animal’s body that contains its organs • Coelom = Body Cavity • So what’s the trend? • Most primitive/simple animals don’t have one • Called Acoelomate • Some animals “sort of” have one • More advanced/complex animals have a true body cavity • Called Coelomate Gut Gut, but No coelom

  11. Processes of Animals • Animals, like all organisms, must carry out many different processes in order to survive…. • Feed and Digest • Exchange gases with environment • Transport material through the body • Remove waste materials • Respond to Stimulii • Move • Reproduce

  12. Process 1: Feed and Digest • What is digestion? • Digestion – breaking down and absorbing the food that is taken in • ALL modes of digestion MUST have • A means to break down food • A means to absorb nutrients the food contained • Usually involves some organ with lots of surface area • A means to get rid of food that cannot be used (solid waste)

  13. Modes of Obtaining Food • Herbivore • Consume plant material

  14. Modes of Obtaining Food • Carnivore • Consume other animals

  15. Modes of Obtaining Food • Parasite – fluid feeder • Obtain liquid food from LIVING animals Tapeworms

  16. Modes of Obtaining Food • Detritivore (Decomposer) • Eat animals that are already dead • Eat animal waste

  17. Modes of Obtaining Food • Filter feeding • Filtering tiny food particles from the environment (water) • Usually feed on plankton

  18. Modes of Digestion Individual Cell • Cellular level • Most primitive and simple • NO organs – each individual cell ingests and digests its own food • Food vacuoles and lysosomes • What animals do this? • ONLY SPONGES!

  19. Modes of Digestion Gut • Incomplete Digestive System • Mouth present • Gut present • Digestive cavity • Where digestion happens • NO anus • Who does this? • Jellyfish • Flatworms ANUS??? Mouth

  20. Modes of Digestion • Complete Digestive System • TUBE digestive system • Mouth, gut AND anus • Allows for efficient “assembly line” processing of food • Different things happen to food as it passes through the tube

  21. Process 2: Gas Exchange (respiration) • Oxygen in and Carbon Dioxide out • Membranes must be moist and thin • So that oxygen can dissolve on their surface and be collected • Easily lose water if exposed to air

  22. Requirements of a Gas Exchange (Respiratory) Organ • Must have enough surface area to adequately exchange gases with the environment • Gas exchange membranes must be moist • So that oxygen can dissolve on their surfaces and be collected • Membranes must be thin • So that oxygen candiffuse into the respiratory organ cells • PROBLEM for LAND animals: THIN MOIST membranesEASILYlosewater to the land environment Large surface area achieved by folding membranes

  23. Common Modes of Gas Exchange in Animals • Simple Diffusion across body surface • SIMPLEST • No fancy respiratory organs required! • Who does this? • Sponges • Cnidarians • Flatworms • Segmented worms

  24. Modes of Gas Exchange • Gills • Obtain oxygen from WATER • Respiratory organs constantly exposed to water GILLS

  25. Process 2: Gas Exchange (respiration) • Lungs • Obtain oxygen from air • PROBLEM: Lungs can’t be exposed to air due to problems with WATER LOSS • Overcome problem by hiding breathing organs inside body • Easier to keep membrane moist • Prevention of water loss

  26. Process 2: Gas Exchange (respiration) • Anefficient respiratory system is CLOSELY tied to a circulatory system • Respiratory system COLLECTS oxygen • Circulatory transports it where it needs to go Air Sacs receive oxygen from air Blood vessels Take oxygen to The body

  27. Process 3 – Transport of Material through the Body • What substances are transported through the circulatory system? • Oxygen • Nutrients • Wastes • Carbon dioxide • Nitrogenous waste

  28. Process 3 – Internal Transport (circulation) • Most SIMPLE form internal transport: • Diffusion • Noorgansystem required • Who does this? • More simple animals • Sponges (Porifera) • Jellyfish (Cnidaria) • Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

  29. Process 3 – Common modes of internal transport (circulation) • Open circulatory system • Composed of: • Heart • Blood • Only PARTIALblood vessels • Blood does NOT remain contained in blood vessels • floats free in the body cavity part of the time. • Reduces efficiency • Oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood mix in the body cavity

  30. Process 3 – Common modes of internal transport (circulation) • Closed circulatory system • Blood ALWAYS remains contained in blood vessels • Most efficient system • NO mixing of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood in the body cavity • Components of a CLOSED ciruclatory system: • Heart • Blood • Blood vessels

  31. Process 4 – Removal of Nitrogenous Waste • Also called EXCRETION • Removal of toxins that would otherwise poison the body • Where do these toxins come from? • Animals MAKE THEM!

  32. What is Nitrogenous Waste? • Nitrogenous Waste is waste made from the breakdown ofproteins animals get from their food • The initial form of this nitrogenous waste is AMMONIA • HIGHLY, HIGHLY TOXIC! • Will kill animals if they don’t do something to get rid of it!!

  33. Process 4 – Removal of Nitrogenous Waste • Excretion is approached differently in different animals depending on the complexity of their body and on where they live • Simple vs. Complex • Fresh water vs. salt water vs. land habitats

  34. Process 4 – Removal of Nitrogenous Waste • Fresh water animals • Have constant access to plenty of freshwater and it CONSTANTLY enters their body cells by osmosis • Unlimited access to water eliminates any concern these animals might have about water loss from their tissues • This means the general solution to nitrogenous waste is to • DILUTE THE AMMONIA IN MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF WATER • CONSTANTLYREMOVE THIS AMMONIA/ WATER OUT OF THE BODY

  35. Nitrogenous Waste Removal Strategies (Freshwater) • SIMPLE freshwater animals • DIFFUSE very dilute ammonia across their whole body surface all the time • In More complex freshwater animals (like fish) ammonia is removed by • constant urination of very dilute ammonia AND • Diffusion of ammonia across gill surface

  36. Nitrogenous Waste Removal Strategies (salt water and land animals) • In salt water and land animals • Water is NOT constantly available • Constant urination is NOT an option • Ammonia must be immediately converted to a less toxic form that can be held in the body longer without causing poisoning right away • Urea – mammals and amphibians • Uric acid – birds and reptiles

  37. Modes of Excretion • Diffusion across body surfaces • Who does this? • Sponges • Jellyfish

  38. Modes of Excretion • Specialized cells that continually pump out water/waste • Who does this? • Flatworms

  39. Modes of Excretion • Diffusion across gills AND constant dilute urination of ammonia • Involves • Gills • Kidney (not terribly well developed) • Freshwater fish

  40. Modes of Excretion • Convert Ammonia to less toxic substance in LIVER • Urea • Uric acid • Filter urea/uric acid from blood • Requires well developed kidney • Release a very concentrated urine • Very little water lost • Who does this? • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals

  41. Process 5 – Respond to Stimuli • Nervous System • Components of nervous system • Sensory organs • Eyes, ears, etc. • Brain and/or ganglia • Ganglia = small clumps of nerve cells • “mini brains” • Nerves

  42. Process 5 – Respond to Stimuli – Sensory Organs

  43. Process 5 – Respond to Stimuli – Brain/Ganglia

  44. Process 5 – Respond to Stimuli – Nerves

  45. Process 6 – Movement • Sessile • Some animals cannot move • Guess who… • Motile • Most animals can…

  46. Process 6 – Movement • Some animals that move use… • ONLY muscle • Like worms • Combination of two systems • Muscular AND • Skeletal

  47. Not all animals have a skeleton, but for those that do… • Skeletal system provides • Protection • Support • Resistance so that muscles can move the body • Two types of skeletons are found among animals • Exoskeleton • Outside the body • Endoskeleton • Inside the body

  48. Process 7 - Reproduction • Making new organisms • Many modes of reproduction exist • 2 major • Asexual • Sexual

  49. Asexual Reproduction • Advantages • Don’t have to find a partner • Disadvantages • NO genetic variety • Types • Budding • hydra • Fragmentation • Entire sea star grows from one broken off limb

  50. Sexual Reproduction • Different Depending on habitat • WATER • LAND

More Related