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Core 5 Research Programme Green Radio – The Case for More Efficient Cellular Base Stations

Core 5 Research Programme Green Radio – The Case for More Efficient Cellular Base Stations May 2009 Peter Grant University of Edinburgh and Mobile VCE Board Member. Presentation Overview. The Current Status on Cellular Systems The Business Case for Green Radio

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Core 5 Research Programme Green Radio – The Case for More Efficient Cellular Base Stations

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  1. Core 5 Research Programme Green Radio – The Case for More Efficient Cellular Base Stations May 2009 Peter Grant University of Edinburgh and Mobile VCE Board Member

  2. Presentation Overview • The Current Status on Cellular Systems • The Business Case for Green Radio • Defining the Green Radio Issues • Conclusions

  3. Why Green Radio?Operator & Manufacturer Perspective • Increasing energy costs with higher base station site density and energy price trends • A typical UK mobile network consumes 40MW • Overall this is a small % of total UK energy consumption, but with huge potential to save energy in other industries • Energy cost and grid availability limit growth in emerging markets (high costs for diesel generators) • Corporate Responsibility targets set to reduce carbon emissions and environmental impacts of networks • Vodafone1 - “Group target to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% by 2020, from 2006/07 levels” • Orange2: “Reduce our greenhouse emissions per customer by 20% between 2006 and 2020” 1. http://www.vodafone.com/etc/medialib/attachments/cr_downloads.Par.25114.File.tmp/CR%20REPORT_UK-FINAL%20ONLINE_180908_V6.pdf 2. http://www.orange.com/en_EN/tools/boxes/documents/att00005072/CSR_report_2007.pdf

  4. CO2 emissions per subscriber per year3 9kg CO2 2.6kg CO2 Operation 8.1kg CO2 Embodied energy 4.3kg CO2 Base station Mobile Where is the Energy Used? • For the operator, 57% of electricity use is in radio access • Operating electricity is the dominant energy requirement at base stations • For user devices, most of the energy used is due to manufacturing 3. Tomas Edler, Green Base Stations – How to Minimize CO2 Emission in Operator Networks, Ericsson, Bath Base Station Conference 2008

  5. UK Operator GSM + 3G Network Consumption Source: CR review, Vodafone UK, Corporate Responsibility 2007/08

  6. GSM + 3G Cellular Network Emissions?? Source: CR review, Vodafone UK, Corporate Responsibility 2007/08

  7. Retail Data Centre Core Transmission Mobile Switching Base Stations 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Cellular Network Power ConsumptionSummary (from previous pie chart) Source: Vodafone

  8. Base Station Power Use @ 2003 H. Karl, “An overview of energy-efficiency techniques for mobile communication systems,” Telecommunication Networks Group, Technical University Berlin, Tech. Rep. TKN-03-XXX, September 2003. [Online]. Available: http://www-tkn.ee.tu-berlin.de/∼karl/WG7/AG7Mobikom-EnergyEfficiency-v1.0.pdf

  9. Power Consumption Power Consumption per BS Now (Possible) Target (2010) GSM 800W 650W WCDMA 500W 300W Source: NSN

  10. Energy Consumption • The Base Station is the most energy–intensive component of a 3G mobile network. • A typical 3G Base Station consumes about 500 W with a output power of ~40 W. This makes the average annual energy consumption of a BS around 4.5 MWh (which is lower than a GSM BS). • !A 3G mobile network with 12,000 BSs will consume over 50 GWh p.a. This not only responsible for a large amount CO2 emission and it also increases the system OPEX. • This is 10X consumption of a UK broadcast TV network • This is worse in China with 10-20 times number of mobile subscribers!

  11. Energy Consumption – The Challenge • Since 2006, the growth rate of data traffic on mobile networks has been approximately 400% p.a.. It is expected to grow at least the same rate in coming years. • This growth demands a much higher energy consumption than today. • The challenge is how to design future mobile networks to be more energy efficient to accommodate the extra traffic.

  12. Traffic Diverging expectations for traffic and revenue growth Costs Data Voice Revenue Time Green Radio as an Enabler Trends: • Exponential growth in data traffic • Number of base stations / area increasing for higher capacity • Revenue growth constrained and dependent on new services Energy use cannot follow traffic growth without significant increase in energy consumption • Must reduce energy use per data bit carried Number of base stations increasing • Operating power per cell must reduce Green radio is a key enabler for cellular growth while guarding against increased environmental impact Traffic / revenue curve from “The Mobile Broadband Vision - How to make LTE a success”, Frank Meywerk, Senior Vice President Radio Networks, T-Mobile Germany, LTE World Summit, November 2008, London

  13. 2020 Vision Paper – The Challenge • The Mobile VCE Visions Group comprising global thoughts leaders in the industry articulated the need…. “Arguably what is needed are wireless access systems that can support multimedia service data rates attwo or three orders of magnitude lower transmission power than currently used. Performance of today’s radio access technologies is in fact already approaching the Shannon Bound – such an advance will not come simply from more traditional research on single aspects of the physical layer, but will require holistic, system-wide, breakthrough thinking that challenges basic assumptions” Mobile VCE consultation paper, “2020 Vision – Enabling the Digital Future” Dec’07 • Mobile VCE Green Radio programme formulated to: • Take forward existing research

  14. Broadband Traffic on Mobile Networks • Revenue increase is not in line with traffic growth* • Average annual increase in traffic: 400% • Average annual increase in revenue: 23% • With the launch of HSDPA and the introduction of flat-rate pricing, data traffic is increasing • Traffic is growing faster than the revenue increase • The biggest traffic growth is seen at operators whose data pricing is more aggressive than the average *Source: Stanley Chia, Workshop on “As the Internet takes to the air, do mobile revenue go sky high?,” IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, April 2008.

  15. Possible Solutions Green Radio • Can we benefit from the use of the information below in the design of future mobile networks?: • Mobility pattern (location, speed and direction of mobile user) information • Characteristic of multimedia traffic (traffic classification) • Transmission power scaling (distribution) in order to use renewable energy for BSs.

  16. Green Radio Scenarios Two Market Profiles: Developed World Developed Infrastructure Saturated Markets Quality of Service Key Issue Drive is to Reduce Costs Emerging Markets Less Established Infrastructure Rapidly Expanding Markets Large Geographical Areas Often no mains power supply – power consumption a major issue

  17. Over a year, 1m2 solar panel produces ~400 kWh energy, or about 10% of a 3G macrocell BS requirement (in London, < 5%). • Note that we never recover the embodied or manufacturing energy! • A combination of solar & wind sources, in a good location may provide the energy requirement for a small (pico-femto) BS ?

  18. Industry Subscription/Gvt funded Collaboration • Core 5 research programme, 2009 – 2012 targets: • Green Radio • Flexible Networks • User interactions

  19. ChairmanSimon Fletcher NEC Deputy Chairman Andy Jeffries Nortel GR Industrial Leadership Team • Deputy Chairman David Lister Vodafone Industry Steering Group – participants so far…

  20. GR Academic Leadership Team Prof. Steve McLaughlin (Academic Co-ordinator) Dr. John Thompson Dr. Dave Laurenson Prof. Tim O'Farrell Dr. Pavel Loskot Dr. Jianhua He Prof. Joe McGeehan Dr. Simon Armour Dr. Kevin Morris Prof. Hamid Aghvami Dr. Mohammad Reza Nakhai Dr. Vasilis Friderikos

  21. GR1:Architecture 2 PDRAs, 5 PhDs To identify a green network architecture - a low power wireless network & backhaul that still provides good quality of service GR2: Techniques 2 PDRAs, 7 PhDs To identify the best radio techniques across all layers of the protocol stack that collectively can achieve 100x power reduction Green Radio Programme Organisation Industry Steering Group Energy Focus Group Flexible Networks Program 2 Technical Work Areas - 48 Man Years

  22. Reducing Power Consumption Through Delay-Tolerant Networking • Conventional • Cellular 2. In-Building Relay 3. Multi-hop Relay 4. Heterogeneous Relay

  23. Conclusion • Growth in data transmission requirements for mobile broadband will not bring major revenue increase. • Every industry has published CO2 reduction targets and the mobile and IT communities are not exempt. • Power drain in base-station or access point is the major issue in many wireless systems. • Green Radio promised to deliver benefit to the Cellular network Operators via the equipment supply chain vendors. • We plan to research and investigate changes to the system architecture and develop advanced networking techniques to deliver these future more efficient Green Radio systems.

  24. Thank you ! For Green Radio please contact: Simon Fletcher E-mail: Simon.Fletcher@EU.NEC.COM Tel: +44 1372 381824 or Steve McLaughlin Steve.McLaughlin@ed.ac.uk +44 131 650 5578 Further information on MobileVCE contact: Dr Walter Tuttlebee, E-mail: walter.tuttlebee@mobilevce.com Tel: +44 1256 338604 WWW: www.mobilevce.com

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