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Unit 4: Correlation and Causation. “Covariance formula” for r (FPP p.134). r = ((avg of xy) - x y)) /( σ x σ y ) Numerator is the “covariance of x and y” . SAT scores Average scores from school districts in Cayuga, Madison, and Oswego counties for the 1998-99 school year.
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“Covariance formula” for r (FPP p.134) r = ((avg of xy) -xy)) /( σxσy ) Numerator is the “covariance of x and y”
SAT scores Average scores from school districts in Cayuga, Madison, and Oswego counties for the 1998-99 school year Verbal / Math r = 0.770
