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Artificial photosynthesis for solar fuels

Artificial photosynthesis for solar fuels. Stenbjörn Styring Uppsala university. Swedish Consortium for Artificial Photosynthesis 1994-. Sw . Energy agency , Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; EU; VR. 20. 10. 0. 30. The global concept. Global energy use. Nuclear Biomass

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Artificial photosynthesis for solar fuels

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  1. Artificial photosynthesis for solar fuels Stenbjörn Styring Uppsala university

  2. Swedish Consortium for Artificial Photosynthesis 1994- Sw. Energy agency, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; EU; VR

  3. 20 10 0 30 The global concept Global energyuse Nuclear Biomass Hydro others..... 2011; ca17 TW years Fossil 80% 40 TW

  4. Local vs. global concept Energy supply 2008, Sweden: Hydro Biomass Fossil Nuclear 33 32 12 23 % of total

  5. Energy supply 2008; Germany Fossil 82 11 7 % of total Local vs. global concept Energy supply 2008, Sweden: Hydro Biomass Fossil Nuclear 33 32 12 23 % of total

  6. 20 10 0 30 The global concept Fossil 2050 Fossil 2011: 17 TW 80% 40 TW

  7. 20 10 0 30 The global concept Note! Thiscomes from peoplethatdon´tuseenergy today. Theycan not solvethis by savingenergy!!! Fossil 2050 Fossil 2011: 17 TW 80% 40 TW

  8. Renewabletechnologies (Sims et al, IPCC 2007) Electricity Technologicallymaturewith marketshydroelectric; geothermal; in at leastsomecountrieswoodybiomass; onshorewind landfill gas; bioethanol; silicon solar cells..... Technologicallymaturewith small, newsolid wasteenergy in towns; markets in fewcountriesbiodiesel; offshore wind; heat concentrating solar dishes... Under technologicaldevelopmentthin film PV; tidalchange; wave demonstration plants, upcomingbiomassgasification; pyro- lysis; bioethanol from ligno- cellulose; thermaltowers....... Manygiveelectricity

  9. Everything is not electricity Total production 2011; ca17 TW years Fossil 80% 10 20 TW

  10. Everything is not electricity Final consumtion Electricity 17% Total production Fossil 80% 10 20 TW

  11. Everything is not electricity Final consumtion Electricity 17% The rest, 83% is used as fuel for manythings Total production Fossil 80% 10 20 TW

  12. Critical insights • Electricity is an energycarrier. It is usedtocarry a minor part of the energy in the world.

  13. Critical insights • Electricity is an energy carrier. It is used to carry a minor part of the energy in the world. • 2. Biomass is limited on a global scale. Although • important in many regions, there is not enough • to replace fossile fuels.

  14. RenewabletechnologiesBiomassderived Technologicallymaturewith marketshydroelectric; geothermal; in at leastsomecountrieswoodybiomass; onshorewind landfill gas; bioethanol;silicon solar cells..... Technologicallymaturewith small, newsolid wasteenergy in towns; markets in fewcountriesbiodiesel;offshore wind; heat concentrating solar dishes... Under technologicaldevelopmentthin film PV; tidalchange; wave demonstration plants, upcomingbiomassgasification; pyro- lysis; bioethanol from ligno- cellulose; thermaltowers....... Research stage Manygiveelectricity. All fueltechnologiesarebased on biomass

  15. Critical insights • Electricity is an energycarrier. It is usedtocarry a minor part of the energy in the world. • 2. Biomass is limited on a global scale. Although • important in many regions, there is not enough • toreplacefossilefuels. • 3. Need for fuels from otherrenewableresources • thanbiomass

  16. Solar fuel for storage Solar Energy, Options Converted solar energy; Oil,biomass…. !! Heat; Low temp High temp ? ! Solar cells !! Electricity 12

  17. The energy system – local versus global aspects; the place for solar energy; need for fuel Various concepts for solar fuels Our science in the Swedish Consortium for Artificial Photosynthesis

  18. Sustainable methods to make solar fuels/hydrogen Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy and water

  19. Sustainable methods to make solar fuels/hydrogen Direct methods Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy and water Indirect

  20. Sustainable methods to make solar fuels/hydrogen Indirect Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy and water Photovoltaics Electrolysis→H2

  21. Sustainable methods to make solar fuels/hydrogen Leads to discussions about the hydrogen society Indirect Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy and water Photovoltaics Electrolysis→H2

  22. Sustainable methods to make solar fuels/hydrogen Indirect Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy and water C-based fuel From H2 and CO2 Photovoltaics Electrolysis→H2

  23. Sustainable methods to make solar fuels/hydrogen Indirect Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy and water Biomass Conversion Pyrol.,ferm., chop wood etc

  24. Sustainable methods to make solar fuels/hydrogen Indirect Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy and water Photosynthesis Biomass Conversion

  25. Sustainable methods to make solar fuels/hydrogen Indirect Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy and water C-based fuel From H2 and CO2 Photovoltaics Electrolysis→H2 Photosynthesis Biomass Conversion Pyrolysis, ferment., etc

  26. Sustainable methods to make solar fuels/hydrogen Indirect Electrolysis Electricity Solar cells in Sala/Heby Solar energy and water Two systems -solar cells and electrolyser Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based

  27. Sustainable methods to make solar fuels/hydrogen Indirect Solar energy and water Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Biomass, Trees; Waste; Grasses Conversion Several systems must be integrated

  28. Sustainable methods to make solar fuels/hydrogen Indirect General - Extra systems cost Losses in extra step(s) Electrolysis Electricity Solar cells in Sala/Heby Solar energy and water Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Biomass, Waste; Trees; Grasses Conversion

  29. Direct methods Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy and water

  30. Direct methods Thermochemical cycles (CSP for H2) Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy and water

  31. Direct methods Thermochemical cycles (CSP for H2) Artificial Photosynthesis in molecular systems Artificial Photosynthesis in materials and nanosystems Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy and water

  32. Joining in cells H+ H+ 4 H+ 2 H2O A D P P e- e- 2 H2 O2 + 4 H+ e- e-

  33. Direct methods Thermochemical cycles (CSP for H2) Artificial Photosynthesis in molecular systems Artificial Photosynthesis in materials and nanosystems System costs might become lower in a direct process Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy

  34. Excreted Semi-direct Photosynthesis (compartmentalized) Light reactions NADPH & ATP Dark reactions H2, alcohols etc Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy Photobiological processes – not harvesting the organism

  35. Photobiological hydrogen and fuel production using living organisms. Vegetative cells Green algae –Chlamydomonas Can make hydrogen under special conditions H2 forming heterocyst Cyanobacterium – Nostoc

  36. Something in between Mixingbiological and non-biological parts Ru H2ses TiO2 etc PSII Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy Pt PSI Hybrides Enzyme & metalcatalysts

  37. Direct methods Artificial Photosynthesis in molecular systems Artificial Photosynthesis in materials and nanosystems Thermochemical cycles (CSP for H2) Semi-direct Solar fuel;hydrogen or carbon based Solar energy and water Photosynthesis (compartmentalized) Light reactions NADPH & ATP Dark reactions H2, alcohols etc Indirect C-based fuel From H2 and CO2 Photovoltaics Electrolysis→H2 Photosynthesis Biomass Conversion Pyrolysis, ferment., etc

  38. The energy system – local versus global aspects; the place for solar energy; need for fuel Various concepts for solar fuels A little on our science in the Swedish Consortium for Artificial Photosynthesis

  39. P We follow two branches to Solar hydrogen, common link biochemistry, biophysics H2 H2O

  40. P Photobiological hydrogen production in photosynthetic microorganisms H2 H2O Design of organisms Synthetic biology, genomics, metabolomics

  41. Artificial photosynthesis, synthetic light driven catalytic chemistry P H2O H2 Fe Fe Ru Mn Mn Design and synthesis Spectroscopy Co

  42. Artificial photosynthesis: Target – fuel from solar energy and water! Visionary – but how?

  43. Artificial photosynthesis - manmade: Visionary – but how? Idea for a short cut: Mimic (copy) principles in natural enzymes Method Biomimetic chemistry

  44. Photosystem II – the wunderkind in nature! O2 O2 O2 P O2 O2 O2 O2 ? Secret of life Element: Mn Atomic weight: 55 Mn Mn Mn Mn Four manganese atoms are the secret behind the splitting of water Water

  45. Water oxidation - the main players TyrZ 161 His 190 Gln 165 OH Glu 189 Asp 170 Ca Mn Mn Mn Mn

  46. Ru - - e e Supramolecular chemistry chemical LEGO H O 2 2 + 4H A D S Link Link 2 H + 2 + 4H O 2 light N N N N Ruthenium instead of chlorophyll N N

  47. Ru - - e e Mn Mn Supramolecular chemistry chemical LEGO H O 2 2 + 4H A D S Link Link 2 H + 2 + 4H O 2 light N N Link N N N N Manganese as in Photosystem II

  48. Mn2(II/II) BPMP has been connected to Ru and electron acceptors N N Ru N N Mn Mn N N Me NH N N N N O EtO C O O N 2 N O O Me Me Mn Mn 3 + O O NDI acceptor C H C H 8 1 7 N 8 1 7 N O O O O N N O O N N N Ru N N N O N H E t O C 2 N O N N N Mn Mn N N O O O O Mw 2800

  49. Weseekcatalystsbased on abundant metals, Mn-based systems have potential - The Mn4 cluster works in Photosystem II - It is the mostefficient and stable part of PSII electron transfer Co-based systems have potential - Weseekmolecular systems - Weseeklight driven systems

  50. Cobalt as a water oxidation catalyst Kanan and Nocera, Science 2008, 321, 5892, 1072-1075 Yin, Tan, Besson, Geletii, Musaev, Kuznetsov, Luo, Hardcastle and Hill, Science 2010, 328, 342-345

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