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CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 6. Risk Aversion and Capital Allocation to Risky Assets. Allocation to Risky Assets. Investors will avoid risk unless there is a reward. i.e. Risk Premium should be positive Agents preference (taste) gives the optimal allocation between a risky portfolio and a risk-free asset.

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CHAPTER 6

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  1. CHAPTER 6 Risk Aversion and Capital Allocation to Risky Assets

  2. Allocation to Risky Assets Investors will avoid risk unless there is a reward. i.e. Risk Premium should be positive Agents preference (taste) gives the optimal allocation between a risky portfolio and a risk-free asset.

  3. Speculation vs. Gamble Speculation Taking considerable risk for a commensurate gain Parties have heterogeneous expectations Gamble Bet or wager on an uncertain outcome for enjoyment Parties assign the same probabilities to the possible outcomes

  4. Table 6.1 Available Risky Portfolios (Risk-free Rate = 5%) Each portfolio receives a utility score to assess the investor’s risk/return trade off

  5. Utility Function U = utility of portfolio with return r E ( r ) = expected return portfolio A = coefficient of risk aversion s2 = variance of returns of portfolio ½ = a scaling factor

  6. Table 6.2 Utility Scores of Alternative Portfolios for Investors with Varying Degree of Risk Aversion IN CLASS EXERCISE. Anwer: How high the risk aversion coefficient (A) has to be so that L is preferred over M and H?

  7. Mean-Variance (M-V) Criterion Portfolio A dominates portfolio B if: And As noted before: this does not determine the choice of one portfolio, but a whole set of efficient portfolios.

  8. Estimating Risk Aversion Use questionnaires Observe individuals’ decisions when confronted with risk Observe how much people are willing to pay to avoid risk

  9. Capital Allocation Across Risky and Risk-Free Portfolios Asset Allocation: Is a very important part of portfolio construction. Refers to the choice among broad asset classes. % of total Investment in risky vs. risk-free assets Controlling Risk: Simplest way: Manipulate the fraction of the portfolio invested in risk-free assets versus the portion invested in the risky assets

  10. Basic Asset Allocation Example Proportion of Risk assets on Equities Proportion of Risk assets on Bonds

  11. Basic Asset Allocation P is the complete portfolio where we have y as the weight on the risky portfolio and (1-y) = weight of risk-free assets: Complete Portfolio is: (0.3, 0.378, 0.322)

  12. The Risk-Free Asset Only the government can issue default-free bonds. Risk-free in real terms only if price indexed and maturity equal to investor’s holding period. T-bills viewed as “the” risk-free asset Money market funds also considered risk-free in practice

  13. Figure 6.3 Spread Between 3-Month CD and T-bill Rates

  14. It’s possible to create a complete portfolio by splitting investment funds between safe and risky assets. Let y=portion allocated to the risky portfolio, P (1-y)=portion to be invested in risk-free asset, F. Portfolios of One Risky Asset and a Risk-Free Asset

  15. Example Using Chapter 6.4 Numbers rf = 7% rf = 0% E(rp) = 15% p = 22% y = % in p (1-y) = % in rf

  16. Example (Ctd.) The expected return on the complete portfolio is the risk-free rate plus the weight of P times the risk premium of P

  17. Example (Ctd.) The risk of the complete portfolio is the weight of P times the risk of P: This follows straight from the formulas we saw before and the fact that any constant random variable has zero variance.

  18. Feasible (var, mean) Taken together this determines the set of feasible (mean,variance) portfolio return: This determines a straight line, which we call Capital Allocation Line. Next we derive it’s equation completely

  19. Example (Ctd.) Rearrange and substitute y=sC/sP: The sub-index C is to stand for complete portfolio The slope has a special name: Sharpe ratio.

  20. Figure 6.4 The Investment Opportunity Set

  21. Lend at rf=7% and borrow at rf=9% Lending range slope = 8/22 = 0.36 Borrowing range slope = 6/22 = 0.27 CAL kinks at P Capital Allocation Line with Leverage

  22. Figure 6.5 The Opportunity Set with Differential Borrowing and Lending Rates

  23. Risk Tolerance and Asset Allocation The investor must choose one optimal portfolio, C, from the set of feasible choices Expected return of the complete portfolio: Variance:

  24. Table 6.4 Utility Levels for Various Positions in Risky Assets (y) for an Investor with Risk Aversion A = 4

  25. Figure 6.6 Utility as a Function of Allocation to the Risky Asset, y

  26. Table 6.5 Spreadsheet Calculations of Indifference Curves

  27. Portfolio problem • Agent’s problem with one risky and one risk-free asset is thus: • Pick portfolio (y, 1-y) to maximize utility U • U(y,1-y) = E(r_C) -0.5*A*Var(r_C) • Where r_C is the complete portfolio • This is the same as • r_f + y[E(r) – r_f] -0.5*A*y^2*Var(r) • Solution (take foc) is y (proportion on risky asset) as (1/A)*SharpeRatio

  28. Figure 6.7 Indifference Curves for U = .05 and U = .09 with A = 2 and A = 4

  29. Figure 6.8 Finding the Optimal Complete Portfolio Using Indifference Curves

  30. Table 6.6 Expected Returns on Four Indifference Curves and the CAL

  31. Risk Tolerance and Asset Allocation The investor must choose one optimal portfolio, C, from the set of feasible choices Expected return of the complete portfolio: Variance:

  32. One word on Indifference Curves If you see the IC curves over (mean,st. dev) you will note that these are all nice smooth concave curves. This is an assumption. Note that agents have preference over random variables (representing payoff/return). A random variable, in general, is not completely described by (mean, variance). That is, in general, we can have X and Y with mean(X) < mean (Y) and var(X)=var(Y) BUT X is ranked better than Y nonetheless. IF agents have expected utility, we can solve this issue in two ways.

  33. One word on Indifference Curves First method is: Assumption 1: all random variables are normally distributed Assumption 2: agents have expected utility with Bernoulli given by u(x)= a*x^2 + bx + c BLACKBOARD (Expected utility computation)

  34. Word on our Portfolio problem So far we saw how to solver for

  35. Passive Strategies: The Capital Market Line A natural candidate for a passively held risky asset would be a well-diversified portfolio of common stocks such as the S&P 500. The capital market line (CML) is the capital allocation line formed from 1-month T-bills and a broad index of common stocks (e.g. the S&P 500).

  36. Passive Strategies: The Capital Market Line The CML is given by a strategy that involves investment in two passive portfolios: virtually risk-free short-term T-bills (or a money market fund) a fund of common stocks that mimics a broad market index.

  37. Passive Strategies: The Capital Market Line From 1926 to 2009, the passive risky portfolio offered an average risk premium of 7.9% with a standard deviation of 20.8%, resulting in a reward-to-volatility ratio of .38.

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