Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside of the West

1. Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside of the West Chapter 27

2. Introduction • By the 19th century Russia and Japan had managed to launch industrialization programs and strengthened their social and political systems. • They were the only countries outside of the West that industrialized before 1960 • Both maintained economic and political independence

3. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance I. Russia Before Reforms • Anti-Westernization began under the reign of Catherine the Great • Napoleon’s invasion of 1812 • Conservative intellectuals support isolation • Serfdom still exists • Improvements in bureaucratic training • Alexander I • Forms Holy Alliance with Prussia and Austria to defend religion and established order

4. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance • Western artistic style was welcomed by the ruling elite • Russia contributes to the cultural movement • Decembrist Revolt • Political revolt in 1825 advocating western type reforms • Put down by Tsar Nicolas I • Secret police expand • Schools and newspapers tightly supervised

5. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance • Russia avoids a revolution from 1830-1848 due to political repression • Russia remains conservative • Territorial expansion • Poland • Congress of Vienna of 1815 • Ottoman Empire • Russia supports Balkan independence • France and Britain support Ottomans

7. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance II. Economic and Social Problems • Russia falls behind the West in terms of industrialization & trade • Russia increases their exports by tightening labor obligations of the peasants • Russia remains an agricultural society • Based on serf labor

8. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance • Crimean War (1854 – 1856) • Nicholas I provokes conflict with Ottomans in 1853 arguing Russia was responsible for protecting Christianity • France and Britain aid Ottomans • Britain worried about threat to their holdings in India • France sought diplomatic glory and believed they were the defenders of Christianity • The West wins due to their advanced technology

9. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance • After the war Russia’s new Tsar Alexander II turns to industrialization • Reforms essential to economic growth

10. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance III. The Reform Era and Early Industrialization • Emancipation of the serfs in 1861 • Aristocrats retained part of their land, but the serfs were given most of it • Serfs obtained no political rights • Tied to land until they could pay for it • Redemption payments went to aristocrats to preserver their class

11. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance • Emancipation brought about a new urban labor force • Agricultural productivity remained stagnant • Alexander II introduces more reforms in the 1860’s and 1870’s • Zemstvoes – local political councils created • Military reforms • Educational reforms

12. Russia’s Reforms and Industrial Advance • Industrialization • Trans-Siberian Railroad • Stimulates Russian exports of grain • Factories open building an urban working class • Count Sergei Witte • Minister of finance • Enacted high tariffs • Improved banking systems • Encouraged western investments

13. Protest and Revolution in Russia I. The Road to Revolution • Alexander II’s reform & economic change encouraged minority nationalities to make demands • Nationalism was divisive for minorities • Russian nationalists mainstreamed the superiority of Russian tradition

14. Protest and Revolution in Russia • Social protest over reforms, famines, redemption payments, and taxes • Intelligentsia (Russian intellectuals as a class) became active in arguing for liberal reforms • Wanted political freedom • Wanted to keep Russian culture different from the West • Some seen as radicals and many became anarchists

15. Protest and Revolution in Russia • Anarchists wanted to abolish all formal government • First large terrorist movement • Assassinations and bombings • Anarchists try to gain peasant support, but fail • Alexander II pulls back from reforms and tightens tsarist control • Censors newspapers and political meetings • Alexander II assassinated by terrorists in 1881

16. Protest and Revolution in Russia • By the 1890’s protest gained new force • Marxist Socialism spread • Vladimir IlyichUlyanov aka Lenin • Argued that because of international capitalism that a proletariat was developing • Proletarian revolution couldn’t occur without going through a distinct middle-class phase. • Bolsheviks (majority party who were actually the minority) backed Lenin

17. Protest and Revolution in Russia II. The Revolution of 1905 • Expansion continues • New Slavic states form in the Balkans • Causes nationalism among Slavs • Serbia • Bulgaria • The trans-Siberian railroad allows Russia to push into Manchuria and obtain long-term leases to Chinese territory

18. Protest and Revolution in Russia • Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 • Caused by Russia’s overextension • Japan worried about Russia pushing father into China near Korea • Japan wins and moves into Korea

19. Protest and Revolution in Russia • Russian Revolution breaks out in 1905 • Urban workers go on strike for political gains • Peasant insurrections • Agitated liberals • Police brutality infuriates crowds causing more problems • Duma • National parliament created by liberals • Stolypin reforms

20. Protest and Revolution in Russia • Tsar Nicholas II strips the duma of power and police repression resumes • Russian government focuses on the Ottoman Empire and being an ally to the Balkan states

21. Protest and Revolution in Russia III. Russia and Eastern Europe • Russian patterns were paralleled in smaller Eastern European countries • Most new nations established parliaments, but restricted their power • Some became monarchies • Serfdom is abolished

22. Protest and Revolution in Russia • Cultural productivity helps create a sense of Slavic & Russian heritage • Tchaikovsky • Chopin • Scientific gains • Gregor Mendel • Ivan Pavlov

23. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • Western pressure forced Japan to consider reforms in the 1850’s • They combined existing strengths and conditions with significant reforms

24. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution I. The Final Decades of the Shogunate • Tokugawa Shogunate still in power • Allies with samurai and daiymos • Culture thrives under the Tokugawa • Terakoya schools • Teach Neo-Confuciansims • Dutch studies • Ban of western books ended in 1720

25. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • Commerce expanded and monopolies form • Silk • Soy sauce • By the 1850’s economic growth slows • Technological limitations on agriculture expansion and population increase • Rural riots

26. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution II. The Challenge to Isolation • Commodore Matthew Perry • American who forces Japan to open ports for trade in 1853 • Shogunate Bureaucrats • Some reluctant to open doors to Westernere • Other want to end isolation

27. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • 1860’s Civil War breaks out • Samurai attack foreigners • Meiji restoration • Emperor Meutsuhito (Meiji)

28. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution III. The Challenge to Isolation • Meiji government abolishes feudalism • Daimyos replaced with prefects in 1871 • The state centralized and expanded • Samurai sent abroad to study and promote change • Western Europe and US • 1873-1868 Samurai class is abolished • Some find new roles • Iwasaki Yataro established the Mitsubishi Company

29. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • Political reconstruction in the 1880’s • British-style Parliament • House of Peers – upper house • Diet – lower house • Constitution of 1889 • Emperor command the military

30. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution IV. Japan’s Industrial Revolution • Westernization of: • Military • Banks • Railroads • Steam ships • Agricultural methods

31. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • New Economic structure depended on the removal of tariffs and guilds • Land reforms • Allows individuals to own land • Ministry of Industry created in 1870 • Set overall economic policy • Operated specific sectors of government • Establishes model factories, shipyards, and arsenals

32. Japan: Transformation Without Revolution • By 1900 the Japanese economy was fully launched by industrial revolution • Private enterprise • Careful management of foreign advice • Dependent on exports to pay for needed imports

33. Social & Diplomatic Effects • The Industrial Revolution, manufacturing, commercial agriculture, and political change had significant ramifications with Japanese Culture and Society • Massive pop. Growth • Reduction of death rates • Pop growth strained Japan’s resources • Ensured low-cost labor

34. Social & Diplomatic Effects • Japan’s government introduced a universal education system • Western fashions copied • Western standards of hygiene • Shintoism grew • few converted to Christianity • Buddhism loses ground • Traditional family life • Divorce introduced

35. Social & Diplomatic Effects • Economic changes • Change in foreign policies • Imperialism