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Culture shock

Culture shock. “The active process of dealing with change rather than a noxious event” Harry C. Triandis Cited in Ward, C Boechner, S and Furnham, A (2001)The Psychology of Culture Shock Routledge. Hove. Culture Shock Cycle: Oberg’s model. Mood.

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Culture shock

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  1. Cultureshock “The active process of dealing with change rather than a noxious event” Harry C. Triandis Cited in Ward, C Boechner, S and Furnham, A (2001)The Psychology of Culture Shock Routledge. Hove

  2. Culture Shock Cycle: Oberg’s model Mood 1 2 3 4 5 6 Months

  3. Stages of Personal Transition PERFORMANCE Integration Honeymoon Anger / confusion Acceptance Bargaining Testing Depression PERIOD OF LOSS INCREASING STRESS DECREASING STRESS POSITIVE GROWTH T I M E

  4. Culture Shock the signs • Confusion about what to do. • anxiety • frustration • Exhilaration • Inappropriate social behaviour • Inability to get close to the task • Isolation • depression

  5. Aspects of Culture shock • Strain caused by effort to adapt • Sense of loss and feelings of deprivation in relation to friends, status, profession and possessions. • Feeling rejected by or rejecting members of new culture • Confusion of role and self identity • Anxiety/disgust/anger about ‘foreign’ practices • Feelings of helplessness, not being able to cope with the new environment

  6. Studies on Culture shock • Canadian expats in Africa who were utimately the most effective had experienced culture shock Hawes and Kealey (1981) cited in Marx 2001 • 70% of international managers experienced culture shock for 5 weeks 30% for up to 10 weeks Marx / Centre for International Briefing (1998) cited in Marx

  7. Approaches to the study of Culture Shock A medical problem emerging from research on migration and ‘needing’ treatment To research on culture learning and psychological models of stress and coping To intercultural effectiveness

  8. Culture Learning “The process whereby sojourners aquire culturally relevant social knowledge and skills to survive and thrive in their new society” (Ward et al 2001 pp51)

  9. Intercultural competence model • Ability to • manage psychological stress • Communicate effectively • Establish interpersonal relationships.

  10. Behavioural adjustment Black and Stephen General daily adjustment Work adjustment Interaction adjustment

  11. Not dealing with culture shock • “The longer the International Manager experienced culture shock, the greater were the feelings of helplessness and performance deficit” • Marx, E (2001) Breaking Through Culture Shock: London. Nicholas Brealey publishing

  12. Psychic distancemeasuring Psychic distance between parties Hallen and Wiederheim –Paul (1999) cited in Tayeb, M. (2003) International Management Pearson Education. Harlow A B Psychic distance Z Psychic distance Y Inter-firm distance X Total distance between A and B

  13. Psychic Distance • X is the distance which would exist between parties any two parties even if they shared the same cultural provenance • Y is the psychic distance due to the failings of A’s cultural and linguistic perception of B’s position • Z is the psychic distance due to the failings of B’s cultural and linguistic perception of A’s position

  14. Similarity – attraction hypothesisByrne 1969, Cited in Ward, C Boecner, S and Furnham, A (2001)The Psychology of Culture Shock • “Individuals are more likely to seek out, enjoy understand, want to work and play with, trust, believe, vote for and generally prefer people with whom they share salient characteristics” Cited in Berkowitz L. (ed) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Vol 4 , pp 35 – 89, New York academic Press Eg Interests, values, religion group affiliation, skills, physical attributes, age, language

  15. Sense of difference • Plain Truth page 376 by Jodi Picoult

  16. Describing the collectivist Amish culture from an individualistic perspectivePicoult, J, (2000) Plain Truth Hodder and Stroughton, London • “Our culture promotes individuality, while the Amish are steeply entrenched in community. To us, if someone stands out, it’s no big deal because diversity is respected and expected. To the Amish, there’s no room for deviation from the norm. It’s important to fit in, because that similarity of identity is what defines the society. If you don’t fit in, the consequences are psychologically tragic – you stand alone when all you’ve ever known is being part of a group”

  17. Describing the shock: Expectations • Small Island by Andrea Levy • Saree of the Gods by GS Sharat Chandra

  18. Saree of the Gods by G.S Sharat Chandra Short Story International, 1981, pp 43 – 50 cited in Puffer, S.M., (1996) Management across Cultures: Insights from Fiction and Practice. Blackwell , Cambridge Massachusetts

  19. The incident takes place at a dinner party held by Shekar and his wife Prapulla shortly after their arrival as expatriates in New York. Prapulla thinks this is too soon. • Prapulla……. began to explain the ritual importance of the wedding saree. The silver border with the embroidered legend of the creation of the universe. ……….Shirley with a snifterful of brandy leaned from her chair for a closer look. The brandy tipped. “oh, no!” screamed everyone. Judy ran into the kitchen for a towel but the alcohol hissed like a magical serpent over the saree spreading its poisonous hood. The silver corroded fast…….. • Prapulla sat dazed, just staring at her saree. The silence was unbearable.

  20. Modes of Adjustment • Marginalisation: Poor mental health and high stress • Assimilation • Separation/Segregation • Integration: good mental health and low stress ‘Berry et al. (1987)

  21. The concept of home – el caseríoadapted from Tremlett, G.(2006) Ghosts of Spain, Travels Through a Country’s Hidden Past, Faber. London • The caserío had a life of its own, almost above that of their occupants. In the Basque Country it is the people who belong to the etxe or etxea, the house, not the house that belongs to the people. • Many Basque surnames begin with etxe: • Etxeberria • Echanova • Families are described by their houses • The emotional roots of nationalism?

  22. By Gabriel Aresti Nire aitaren etxea defendiituko dut, Oesoen kontra, sikatearen kontra, Lukurreriariaren kontra Justiziaren kontra …….. Now a translation

  23. I shall defend my father’s house, against wolves, against drought, against usury, against the law……..

  24. … I shall die my soul will be lost my descendents will be lost, but my father’s house will endure on its feet

  25. Phases of adjustment(Black et al 1999) • Adjustment to: • interaction with host country nationals • Work and business organisation • general environment; culture, customs, living conditions

  26. Required skills (and also organisational responsibility) • Cultural toughness • Stress management • Involved management • Relationship building • Business networking

  27. Epilogue • By Grace Nichols I have crossed an ocean I have lost my tongue from the root of my old one a new one has sprung Staying Alive, real poems for unreal times (2002)Bloodaxe Books. Tarset

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