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IPUMS i Integrated Public Use Series International

Calibrating census microdata against a gold standard (employment survey): women in the workforce, Mexico 1970, 1990 and 2000 * * * Robert McCaa, Rodolfo Gutierrez and Gabriela Vasquez, Minnesota Population Center www.ipums.org/international.

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IPUMS i Integrated Public Use Series International

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  1. Calibrating census microdata against a gold standard (employment survey): women in the workforce, Mexico 1970, 1990 and 2000 * * *Robert McCaa, Rodolfo Gutierrez and Gabriela Vasquez, Minnesota Population Center www.ipums.org/international Calibrate, v. 1864. a. trans....to graduate a gauge of any kind with allowance for its irregularities.The Oxford English Dictionary Online(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2001) www.ipums.org/international

  2. IPUMSi Integrated Public Use Series International Minnesota Population CenterUniversity of MinnesotaPrincipal investigators:historians: Steven Ruggles, director MPC Robert McCaa, Matt Sobekdemographers: Deborah Levison, Miriam Kingwww.ipums.org/international www.ipums.org/international

  3. IPUMSi goals • 1. Inventory the world’s census microdata a. historicalb. contemporary • 2. Preserve endangered microdata and metadataa. contract preservation with repositoriesb. archive validated copies * * * • 3. Integrate census microdata and metadata of selected countries on all continents using UN, ECE, and other standards • 4. Disseminate resulting database without charge with full access to all who agree to non-disclosure www.ipums.org/international

  4. IPUMSi integration principles • 1. Respect absolute anonymity • 2. Preserve all original data, except adjustments to insure confidentiality (top codes blurrings, masking, re-ordering, etc.) • 3. Harmonize (integrate) codes for countries using international standards.occupation: ISCO (detailed, general) education: ISCED “ “ family: IPUMS “ “ • 4. Enhance with constructed variables • 5. Calibrate microdata against “gold standards” www.ipums.org/international

  5. IPUMSi 12 projects started INTEGRATES USA 1850-1880, 1900-1920, 1940-2000 Colombia 1964, 1973, 1985, 1993 France 1962, 1968, 1975, 1982, 1990 Mexico 1960, 1970, 1990, 2000 Vietnam 1989, 1999 Kenya 1969?, 1979?, 1989, 1999 East-West Center (Hawaii) Centro Latinoamericano de Demografia 1st Release May 2002 (PAA) Brazil 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991, 2001 Spain 1981, 1991, 2001 Hungary 1980, 1990, 2001 China? 1982, 1990, 2000 2nd Release www.ipums.org/international

  6. IPUMSi INTEGRATES Standard:UN/Eurostat Principles & Recs... Census documentation compiled for the Colombia project Photos of the IPUMS-Colombia teamFebruary-March, 2000:5 statisticians from DANE +8 academics (3 universities) www.ipums.org/international

  7. IPUMSi International web-based access system DISSEMINATES End-User license agreement protects confidentiality assures proper use User selects countries, censuses, cases, variables, samples--assists comparative research Open architecture software www.ipums.org/international

  8. Calibration testMexico 1990, 2000: FLFP census microdata vs. employment survey Employment surveys: date from the 80s; many probing questions finely tuned instrument collected by trained interviewers urban--lack national coverage Census microdata: strength: national coverage back to 1960 weakness: untrained interviewers, one questionomits many working women, particularly informal workers Purpose of paper: calibrate census microdata w/ employment surveys www.ipums.org/international

  9. Table 1. Selected microdata samples of Mexico, 1960 - 2000 Year Type Sample Size Density (%) 1960* Census 502,702 1.5 1970* Census 480,265 1.0 1980 Census No sample available due to earthquake damage 1990* Census 802,774 1.0 1990, ENEU (survey) 172,233 0.2 2000* Census 10,099,182 10.0 2000 ENEU (survey) 562,471 0.6 (*to be integrated in IPUMSi) www.ipums.org/international

  10. The problem (table 2) Mexico’s “global” female labor force participation rate (12-64 years) microdata19902000 survey (ENEU): 34.6% 43.3% national census: 20.6% 32.9%  14.0 10.4 A better comparisonControl for survey (ENEU) sampling frame: 16 cities in 1990 survey (16 cities): 34.6% 41.7% census (16 cities): 29.0% 40.2%*  5.6 1.5 * includes responses from LFP questions 1 (activity) & 2 (verification). www.ipums.org/international

  11. 2000 census--two questions on LFP: 1: “Last week did (NAME)...” ...” 2000 census--two questions on LFP: 1: “Last week, did (NAME)...?” 2: “Besides (...), did (NAME)...?” Question 1: Last week (Name): Did you work? 27.5% Had work? 0.4 Look for work? 0.3 Are you a student? housewife? retired? permanently incapacitated? Did you not work? Question 1: Last week (Name): Did you work? 27.5% Had work? 0.4 Looked? 0.3 Q. 1&2: combined student/wrkd 0.5 housewife/wr 3.7 retired/wrkd 0.0 other/w? 0.4 no reply/w? 0.0 Question 2: Did you help in a family business? Sell some product? Make some product to sell? Help on a farm or with livestock? Or in exchange for pay did you do some other activity? www.ipums.org/international

  12. Table 3. Urban Females, 1990(aged 12-64) StructureFLFP Rates SurveyCensusSrvyCnss Total 62,248 63,929 34.6 29.0 Education Less than 6 years 20.9 21.7 29.3 20.1 Completed primary 34.7 34.8 27.6 21.1 Completed middle 20.4 24.3 31.3 37.9 Post-middle (10+) 23.9 19.3 53.1 42.2 Marital Status Married (all forms) 48.2 50.4 27.7 21.3 Not in union 51.8 49.6 41.4 36.9 www.ipums.org/international

  13. Table X. Females 2000: Urban (same 16 cities as in ENEU 1990) (table not in paper) StructureFLFP Rates SurveyCensusSrvyCnss Total 124,051 1,073,222 41.7 40.2 Education Less than 6 years 14.9 15.9 35.3 31.0 Completed primary 30.8 28.7 32.1 30.1 Completed middle 28.5 19.7 47.0 41.0 Post-middle (10+) 25.8 36.0 51.1 51.9 Marital Status Married (all forms) 51.9 52.9 35.1 34.0 Not in union 48.1 47.1 48.9 47.3 www.ipums.org/international

  14. Table Y. Logistic Regression: Source (Females 1990, 2000; same 16 cities as in ENEU 1990)(table not in paper) Female labor force participationENEU (indicator) vs. CensusVariable B S.E. Wald df Sig R Exp(B) 1990: -.2212 .0135 267.2291 1 .0000 -.0412 .8015 2000: .0860 .0067 163.1781 1 .0000 .0100 1.0898 Model source effect taking into account age, marital status and education. Interpretation If for both sources weights are correct and slight structural differences are taken into account: 1990 census under-reported 20% of FLFP. 2000 census over-reports FLFP by 9%. www.ipums.org/international

  15. LFP by sex and marital statusMexico 1990 and 2000 (national figures) Females 1990 Males 2000 www.ipums.org/international

  16. Marriage and education strongly affect FLFP (Mexico 1990 and 2000, national figures) Not Married 1990 2000 www.ipums.org/international

  17. Figure 3. Female labor force participation rates by ageUnited States, 1880-1990 and Mexico, 1970, 1990, 2000 www.ipums.org/international

  18. Conclusions Mexican census microdata may be more informative, even about FLFP, than researchers think Mexican census microdata on FLFP display remarkable coherence in time and space “Chorus of calamity” on Mexican FLFP may overlook enormous changes in education weakening power of patriarchy over married women real advances of women in the workforce 2000 microdata tell the story Calibration helps weigh strengths and weaknesses of sources www.ipums.org/international

  19. paper is on conference CDor contact:rmccaa@umn.edu* * * * * *Thank you www.ipums.org/international

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