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Exploring the Universe

Exploring the Universe. 8th Grade Science School Year 2003-2004 Luther Burbank School Mr. Frank Canzolino Room 204. 8 th Grade Science. Week 15.1 Day 71 Monday December 1, 2003. Light Years Measuring Unimaginable Distances.

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Exploring the Universe

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  1. Exploring the Universe 8th Grade Science School Year 2003-2004 Luther Burbank School Mr. Frank Canzolino Room 204 Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  2. 8th Grade Science • Week 15.1 • Day 71 • Monday • December 1, 2003 Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  3. Light YearsMeasuring Unimaginable Distances • Once you look beyond our solar system, objects are so far away it takes more than hours or even days for light to reach us. We’re seeing objects as they looked years ago. Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  4. Think Big • Imagine that you could hop aboard a spaceship that traveled the speed of light. Well, you’ll have to imagine it, because it’s impossible—but that’s what imagination is for! Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  5. Think Big • So all aboard the Seeker 2000, bound for the outer edges of the universe. You can help by figuring out how far you’ll go and how long it will take to reach different places. Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  6. Think Big • Like all astronomers, you'll need sharp math skills to determine distances in space, so grab a calculator and let's go! Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  7. Think Big • Note: Long division is boring once you know how to do it, so use a pocket calculator if you can. You can round off all the answers to the first two digits. Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  8. Think Big • A million is 1 followed by six zeros (1,000,000), a billion has nine zeros (1,000,000,000), and a trillion has 12 zeros (1,000,000,000,000). Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  9. Think Big • Light travels at 186,000 miles per second everywhere in the universe. The Earth is about 24,000 miles in circumference. How long would it take a beam of light to circle the Earth? • A.) 0.13 seconds      B.) 7.75 seconds      C.) 13 seconds Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  10. Think Big • Light travels at 186,000 miles per second everywhere in the universe. The Earth is about 24,000 miles in circumference. How long would it take a beam of light to circle the Earth? • A.) 0.13 seconds      B.) 7.75 seconds      C.) 13 seconds Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  11. Think Big • That’s right! It would take a beam of light 0.13 seconds to circle the Earth—no more than the blink of an eye! Our spacecraft, Seeker 2000, has blasted off from Earth and is traveling through the solar system. Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  12. Homework • Review and Reinforcement Guide • Section 1-2 Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  13. 8th Grade Science • Week 15.2 • Day 72 • Tuesday • December 2, 2003 Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  14. Homework • Review and Reinforcement Guide • Section 1-2 • Will be collected Thursday Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  15. Constellations • For ages people have looked into the sky and tried to make sense of what they saw • People tried to look for patterns and fit those patterns into their daily lives and into their belief systems Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  16. Constellations • How many Stars can we see with the naked eyed? • A few million million million • A few thousand • Infinite • A few hundred thousand Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  17. Constellations • In late July 2003, the number of stars was estimated to be: • 70 sextillion • 70 million million million • 7 x 1022 • 70,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 • About 10 times the number of grains of sand on all of the Earth’s beaches and deserts • The average person on a clear night can see about 3000. Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  18. Constellations • Constellations are not real– not physical. • Constellations–only a visual grouping of stars • Ancient times–named after gods, heroes, and animals • Modern times–88 constellations with well defined boundaries. • Asterism–a smaller group of stars • Usually represent an easily defined pattern in the sky. • The Big Dipper • The Great Square of Pegasus • Stars labeled in order of brightness (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, etc.) Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  19. Constellations • For stars, ancient people came up with an organizing system called constellations Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  20. Angular Sizes Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  21. Angular Sizes • 1 circle = 360º • 1 degree = 60 minutes • Diameter of sun and moon about 1/2 degree • 1 minute = 60 arcseconds • 1 arcsecond is the angular size of a dime about 2.5 miles awat • Earth rotates at 360º/24 hours or 15º/hour Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  22. Constellations • Who invented the constellations that we know? Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  23. Constellations • How many constellations are there? Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  24. Constellations • What organizing systems did other cultures see and use and for what purpose? Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  25. Constellations Orion Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  26. Constellations • Are all the stars in a constellation the same distance from us? Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  27. Constellations • The constellations would look very different if the Earth was somewhere else. In fact many of the stars that we see in a constellation are far away from each other. Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  28. Constellations • Is Polaris the brightest star in the sky? • How would you go about finding out? Polaris Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  29. Constellations • If we took a time-lapse photo of the starry night sky toward the North Star, what would it look like? • As the stars are so far away, they appear fixed, so we’ll see a bunch of bright dots. • As viewed from the Earth, each star moves differently, so each star will make little circles on the sky. • As the Earth rotates the stars seem to rise in the East and set in the West, so we’ll see circles centered around the North Star. Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  30. Constellations • Earth rotation causes daily motion, also called diurnal motion. • “Rise in the West and set in the East” is actually the Earth’s motion. • The Sun, Moon, planets, and stars all follow this motion. • Where is Polaris in this picture? Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  31. Constellations • Looking toward the South Celestial Pole • Where is Polaris in this picture? Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  32. Constellations • Photograph from Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, Africa, which is at 3 Degrees South Latitude • Where is Polaris here? Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  33. Constellations • Put all of the stars on a transparent globe (the Celestial Sphere). • The Earth’s North Pole is under the North Celestial Pole. • The Earth’s South Pole is under the South Celestial Pole. • The Earth’s equator is under the Celestial equator. Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  34. Constellations • Zenith–the point directly above the observer • Horizon–the imaginary line that marks the intersection of Earth and Sky. Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  35. Constellations • Do the distances between the stars in a constellation appear to change? Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  36. Constellations • Are constellations permanent? Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  37. Constellations • Are constellations still useful today? • To us • To astronomers Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  38. Constellations • Really the stars are not fixed to a transparent sphere. • It is a good approximation for “naked-eye” astronomy because the stars are REALLY far away– more than 25 trillion miles. • BUT, the stars do move with respect to each other. • Nonetheless, the celestial sphere is useful for finding your way around the skies. Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  39. 8th Grade Science • Week 15.3 • Day 73 • Wednesday • December 3, 2003 Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  40. Draw a picture of your constellation. Label the major stars. Use construction paper to punch out your constellation so we can project it Research the following items Which culture does your constellation’s name come from. Do other cultures have a name for your constellation and if so, identify the culture and its name for the constellation What are the myth(s) behind your culture(s) constellation Computer Lab ProjectConstellations Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  41. Are all the stars in your constellation the same distance from earth Name some past uses of constellations, why were they important to ancient cultures Are constellations still useful today? To us To astronomers Is Polaris the brightest star in the sky? If not, what are the first, second, third and fourth brightest Are constellations permanent? Have there been any changes to your constellation that astronomers know about Computer Lab ProjectConstellations Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  42. Germany: "Grosse Wagen" Big wagon China: the "Jade Balance of Fate" and/or special chariot for emperor of the heavens. Greeks/Homer: a bear and a wagon First nations people: a bear or a fisher (a carnivorous animal of northern North America; like a marten) Basque: two oxen, two thieves, servant housekeeper and master Arabian: a coffin and mourners Medieval England: King Arthur's Chariot British: the Plough Southern France: Saucepan ConstellationsThe Big Dipper in Other Cultures Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  43. Skidi Pawnee Indians: a stretcher on which a sick man was carried Ancient Maya: a mythological parrot - Seven Macaw Hindu: Seven Rishis, or Wise men Micmac Indians of Canada's Maritimes: a bear 19th Century: a symbol of freedom for runaway slaves who "followed the Drinking Gourd" to the northern states since the Big Dipper is always in the northern part of the sky. Irish: King David's Chariot ConstellationsThe Big Dipper in Other Cultures Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  44. Computer Lab ProjectConstellations • These sites give background information about the constellations and the legends behind them. • http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/mythology/mythology.html • http://www.iolaks.com/softech/astro/astro3.htm • http://www.learnwhatsup.com/prc/space/constellations.html • http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/const.html • http://www.astro.lsa.umich.edu/Course/Labs/nightsky/nightsky.html • http://www.proteacher.com/cgi-bin/outsidesite.cgi?external=http://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow9/dec98/lesson.htm&original=http://www.proteacher.com/110020.shtml&title=Cosmic%20Lessons Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  45. 8th Grade Science • Week 15.4 • Day 74 • Thursday • December 4, 2003 Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  46. Constellation Project • Project Report Due Wednesday, December 10, 2003 • Each question on the handout must be answered • Construction Paper constellation must be attached Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  47. 8th Grade Science • Week 15.5 • Day 75 • Friday • December 5, 2003 Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  48. The Early Astronomers • Greeks were excellent astronomers • Cataloged star positions, brightness • systematic, quantitative observations • They observed that the stars, Sun, and planets revolved around the Earth. • So Earth is center of Universe- geocentric cosmology Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  49. Early Astromomers • For most of Western Civilization it was believed that we lived in a geocentric cosmology. • Earth centered (everything else revolved around us) • Could not explain all the motion of the planets Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

  50. Early AstronomersPtolemy • Ptolemy lived in Alexandria (in Egypt) from approx. 87 -150 AD. Very little is known about his personal life (the image above is probably purely the artist's imagination) Universe Chapter 1–Week 15.ppt

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