NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 4

1. Forest Society and Colonialism Here’s a summary of the chapter “Forest Society and Colonialism” from your 9th standard Social Science: Colonial Exploitation of Forests: ● The British saw Indian forests as “unproductive” and a source of resources for their own economic gain. ● They imposed strict laws restricting access and activities within forests. Impact on Forest Dwellers: ● The new laws restricted traditional practices of shifting cultivation, hunting, and gathering forest produce for Adivasis and other communities. ● This disrupted their livelihoods and created resentment. Loss of Forest Rights: ● Forest dwellers were pushed out of their ancestral lands and labelled as “poachers” if they practiced their traditional ways. Forced Labor and Commercial Farming: ● The British used forced labor from locals for tasks like logging and clearing land. ● Forests were cleared for plantations of commercially valuable crops like tea and coffee. Impact on the Environment: ● Deforestation led to soil erosion and a decline in wildlife populations. Resistance and Rebellion:

2. ● Forest communities rebelled against the harsh laws and exploitation, like the revolt led by Birsa Munda. Similarities between Colonial Practices: ● The chapter highlights similarities in how the British managed forests in India and other colonies like Java. NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 4 Exercise 1. Discuss how the changes in forest management in the colonial period affected the following groups of people: (a) Shifting cultivators (b) Nomadic and pastoralist communities (c) Firms trading in timber/forest produce (d) Plantation owners (e) Kings/British officials engaged in a shikar. Ans : (a) Shifting Cultivators: ● Negative Impact: Lost access to traditional lands due to restrictions on shifting cultivation. Their livelihood source was disrupted, leading to poverty and hardship. (b) Nomadic and Pastoralist Communities:

3. ● Negative Impact: Restrictions on movement and grazing due to forest boundaries disrupted their traditional way of life. They faced difficulty finding pastures for their cattle and collecting resources. (c) Firms Trading in Timber/Forest Produce: ● Positive Impact: Benefited from government contracts for logging and access to valuable timber resources. Increased opportunities for trade and profit. (d) Plantation Owners: ● Positive Impact: Colonial policies encouraged clearing forests for large-scale plantations of cash crops like tea and coffee. This created opportunities for them to expand their businesses and generate wealth. (e) Kings/British Officials Engaged in Shikar (Hunting): ● Positive Impact: Viewed large animals as symbols of “wildness” and enjoyed unrestricted hunting privileges in reserved forests. The focus shifted towards hunting for sport, leading to a decline in wildlife populations. Colonial forest management favored commercial interests and government control over forests. Traditional communities suffered the most, while businesses and officials enjoyed greater access to resources. This system caused social and ecological damage in the long run. 2. What are the similarities between the colonial management of the forests in Bastar and in Java? Ans : Restrictions on Local People: ● Forest Laws: Both regions saw the implementation of strict forest laws that limited access and traditional practices for local communities.

4. Shifting cultivation, hunting, and collecting forest produce became restricted activities. Loss of Livelihoods and Rights: ● Livelihood Disruption: These limitations disrupted the way of life for indigenous communities in both Bastar and Java. Their traditional sources of income and sustenance were threatened. ● Disregard for Rights: Colonial authorities ignored the customary rights of forest dwellers to their ancestral lands. They faced accusations of “poaching” for practicing their traditional ways. Commercial Exploitation: ● Focus on Resources: Forests were seen primarily as a source of economic gain for the colonial powers. Timber and other commercially valuable products were prioritized. ● Forced Labor: Local communities were subjected to forced labor for tasks like logging and clearing land, furthering the colonial exploitation. Environmental Impact: ● Deforestation: The emphasis on commercial gain led to deforestation in both regions, causing soil erosion and harming wildlife populations. 3. Between 1880 and 1920, forest cover in the Indian subcontinent declined by 9.7 million hectares, from 108.6 million hectares to 98.9 million hectares. Discuss the role of the following factors in this decline: Railways Shipbuilding Agricultural expansion Commercial farming

5. Tea/Coffee plantations Adivasis and other peasant users. Ans : Factors Contributing to Forest Decline in India (1880-1920) The significant decline in forest cover between 1880 and 1920 in India can be attributed to several factors, with commercial activities playing a major role. Here’s a breakdown of the impact of each factor: Major Contributors: ● Railways: Expansion of the railway network demanded a massive amount of timber for sleepers (tracks). This large-scale felling of trees contributed significantly to deforestation. ● Shipbuilding: The British relied on India for shipbuilding materials like teak. Increased shipbuilding activity led to excessive extraction of timber from Indian forests. ● Agricultural Expansion: As the population grew, the need for more agricultural land increased. This resulted in clearing forests for cultivation, reducing forest cover. ● Commercial Farming: The rise of commercial crops like cotton, jute, and sugarcane led to large-scale deforestation to create plantations. These cash crops were more profitable than traditional crops, incentivizing farmers to clear forests for cultivation. ● Tea/Coffee Plantations: The establishment of vast tea and coffee plantations in regions like Assam and Coorg also significantly contributed to deforestation. These cash crops were particularly demanding of land, requiring clearing of large forest areas. Minimal Impact: ● Adivasis and Other Peasant Users: While these communities did utilize forest resources for subsistence purposes, their impact on deforestation during this period is considered relatively minimal compared to the large-scale commercial activities mentioned above. Their practices were more sustainable and focused on meeting their basic needs.

6. 4. Why are forests affected by wars? Ans : Resource Needs: During wartime, forests become a critical source of materials. ● Timber: Trees are used for building fortifications, barracks, and other military structures. They also provide wood for shipbuilding, tool creation, and fuel for cooking and warmth. ● Food: Forests might be cleared to grow food for soldiers and civilians, especially during prolonged conflicts. Military Activities: Warfare itself can directly damage forests: ● Bombing and shelling: Military operations often involve explosions that damage or destroy trees and other vegetation. ● Trench warfare: The digging of trenches and other fortifications can lead to deforestation in localized areas. Displacement and Neglect: War can displace people from their homes, leading to neglect of traditional forest management practices. This can increase the risk of wildfires and uncontrolled logging. Scorched Earth Policy: In extreme cases, a military might resort to a “scorched earth” policy, where they deliberately destroy resources to deprive the enemy. This can involve burning down forests to deny the enemy shelter, food, or materials.