Sinhgad College of Engineering Department of Information Technology

1. Seminar Presentation On BRAIN GATE by Sinhgad College of EngineeringDepartment of Information Technology Guide Prof.G.R.Pathak

2. Contents • MOTIVATION • INTRODUCTION • LITERATURE SURVEY • OBJECTIVE • HISTORY OF BRAINGATE • BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE • PRINCIPLE OF BRAIN GATE • WORKING • APPLICATIONS • ADVANTAGES • DISADVANTAGES • CONCLUSION BRAIN GATE

3. MOTIVATION BRAIN GATE I chose this topic so as to understand the concept of brain computer interface . New technology which shows the communication between the computer and the human brain on the basis of thoughts. Turning thoughts into action.

4. INTRODUCTION BRAIN GATE Brain Gate is a brain implant system developed by the bio-tech company Cyber kinetics in 2003 in conjunction with the Department of Neuroscience at Brown University. It is often called as brain–computer interface (BCI) or mind-machine interface (MMI), or sometimes called a direct neural interface .

5. Literature survey BRAIN GATE In reviewing the literature it is noted that, “Some chose to develop devices that could be steered by brain waves detected outside the head. Past research has included the implantation of electrodes into monkeys for activities such as controlling robotic arms. The electrodes intercept signals from individual neurons in the brain and a specially developed computer algorithm translated these signals into trajectories and velocities for the computer cursor.

6. BRAIN GATE Neuroscience milestone—A 58-year-old Massachusetts woman who suffered a paralyzing brainstem stroke 15 years ago while working in her garden was able to serve herself coffee using the BrainGate system and a robotic arm. 

7. OBJECTIVE The device was designed to help those who have lost control of their limbs, or other bodily functions, such as patients with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) or spinal cord injury. Brain Gate's mission is to further the advancement of this life-changing technology to help impaired individuals better communicate and interact. BRAIN GATE

8. HISTORY OF BRAINGATE One of the key early innovations for BrainGate came from Dr. Donald Humphrey of Emory University.  Shortly thereafter, a Brown University spin-off called Cyber kinetics was formed to turn a collection of laboratory tests into set of clinical trials for the first-generation neural interface system the result was the BrainGate Neural Interface System. BRAIN GATE

9. BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE A brain computer interface (BCI), often called a mind-machine interface (MMI) is a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device. The history of BCI starts with Hans Berger’s discovery of the electrical activity of the development of electroencephalography(EEG) Berger's first recording device was very rudimentary. BRAIN GATE

10. COMPONENTS OF BCI All BCIs have at least four components: 1) Signal Acquisition 2) Feature Extraction 3) Translation Algorithm 4) Operating Environment BRAIN GATE

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12. Classification of Communicative pathway of bci One Way BCI: Computers either accept commands from the brain or send signals to it but not both. Two Way BCI: Brains and external devices can exchange information in both directions but have yet to be successfully implanted in animals or humans BRAIN GATE

13. Types of brain computer interface Invasive BCI Partially Invasive BCI Non Invasive BCI BRAIN GATE

14. Components of brain gate The chip The connector The converter The computer BRAIN GATE

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16. PRINCIPLE OF BRAIN GATE The principle of operation of the Brain Gate Neural Interface System is that with intact brain function, neural signals are generated even though they are not sent to the arms, hands and legs. These signals are interpreted by the System and a cursor is shown to the user on a computer screen that provides an alternate "Brain Gate pathway". The user can use that cursor to control the computer, just as a mouse is used. BRAIN GATE

17. WORKING The sensor of the size of a contact lens is implanted in brain which control hand and arm movements. A tiny wire connects the chip to a small pedestal secured in the scull. A cable connects the pedestal to a computer. BRAIN GATE

18. DETECTION AND TRANSLATION BY THE COMPUTER WORKING FLOW BIOLOGICAL FEEDBACK CONVERSION TO OPTICAL DATA BRAIN GATE SENDS THE TRANSLATED DATA TO THE EXTERNAL DEVICE SIGNAL BY THE NEURON CHIP

19. WORKING BRAIN GATE

20. SOFTWARE BEHIND BRAIN GATE Software is necessary for transmission of the signals from the chip implanted on the brain to the machine and for decoding these signals and to convert it to corresponding action by the machine. Algorithms are written in languages like C, Java and MATLAB. The software has three operating modes and they are Simulation, Recording and Training. BRAIN GATE

21. BRAIN GATE RESEARCH IN ANIMALS At first, rats were implanted with BCI. Signals recorded from the cerebral cortex of rat to operate BCI to carry out the movement. Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh had demonstrated on a monkey that can feed itself with a robotic arm simply by using signals from its brain. BRAIN GATE

22. APPLICATIONS In classification of EEG signal. In multimedia communication. In evaluation of spike detection algorithms. Actuated control of mobile robot by human EEG. As a brain controlled switch for asynchronous control. In evaluating the machine learning algorithms. BRAIN GATE

23. ADVANTAGES Connecting directly to the part of the brain that controls hand movement and gestures. Controlling remote devices . Making and receiving telephone calls. Turn on or off the lights . Control robotic arm. Watch and control television Locking or unlocking doors. BRAIN GATE

24. DISADVANTAGES Expensive Risky Surgery Not Wireless yet Difficulty in adaptation and learning. Limitation in information transform rate. The latest technology is 20 bits/min. BRAIN GATE

25. CONCLUSION The invention of Brain gate is such a revolution in medical field that people who are paralyzed will one day be able to independently operate artificial limbs, computers or wheelchairs. The idea of moving robots or prosthetic devices not by manual control, but by mere “thinking” has been a fascinated approach. BRAIN GATE

26. THANK YOU