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JOURNAL CLUB

JOURNAL CLUB. Barbara Labban, M.D. Complement System. Crucial component of the innate immune system. Host defense Clearance of immune complexes and dying cells Adjuvant role in immune response. Classical Pathway. Alternative Pathway. C3. Immune Complexes Non- Immune Complexes.

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JOURNAL CLUB

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  1. JOURNAL CLUB Barbara Labban, M.D.

  2. Complement System • Crucial component of the innate immune system. • Host defense • Clearance of immune complexes and dying cells • Adjuvant role in immune response

  3. Classical Pathway Alternative Pathway C3 Immune Complexes Non- Immune Complexes Endotoxin f D C3b Factor B Properdin (-) C1 Lectin Pathway C1-INH C4bp fI C2 C4 C3bBb (C3 Convertase) (-) C3 C4b C2a C3b C4b2a (C3 Convertase) C4b2a3b (C5 Convertase) C3bBb3b (C5 Convertase) C3 C3b C5 C5b +C6 +C7 +C8 +C9 C5b-9 (MAC)

  4. Classical PathwayActivation Ab-dependent Ag-IgM, Ag-IgG complexes Ab-Independent polyanions, protamine, DNA, RNA of apoptotic cells, G- Bacteria, CRP + C1 ( - ) + C4 + C2 C1-INH ( - ) + C3 C 4b2a3b

  5. Classical Pathway Immune Complexes Non- Immune Complexes (-) C1 C1-INH C4bp fI C2 C4 (-) C4b C2a C4b2a (C3 Convertase) C4b2a3b (C5 Convertase) C3 C3b C5 C5b +C6 +C7 +C8 +C9 C5b-9 (MAC)

  6. Lectin Pathway • Ab-Independent Microbial Carbohydrates (+) MBL +(MASP-1, MASP-2) Activation C4

  7. Alternative Pathway • Continuous state of low-level activation • Continuous generation of C3b in plasma • Active regulation is achieved by 2 plasma proteins: Factor H & Factor I.

  8. Alternate Pathway C3(H2O) H2O + C3 + f B LPS C3NeF Stabilized, C3 Convertase. Auto-antibody attaches to convertase C3(H2O)Bb (C3 Convertase) C3(H2O)B f D C3a H C3b + f B C3bB IgG-C3bB- Properdin MCP CD46 CR1 H H f D IgG-C3b- Properdin f B + Amplification Loop Factor I i C3b + C3f Factor I C3dg + C3c n C3b IgG-C3bBb-Properdin (C3 Convertase) H H n C3

  9. Factor H • Single chain glycoprotein. Produced by the liver. • Composed of 20 Short Consensus Repeat (SCR) domains. • Each SCR composed of 60 amino-acids. • N-terminal SCR domains: Regulation of fluid-phase C3 activation. • C-terminal domains: Regulation of surface bound C3b (surface recognition function, depends on the chemical composition of the surface).

  10. Factor H - Regulates the alternative Pathway : • Inhibits the formation of the C3 Convertases of the alternative pathway by binding to C3b • Promotes dissociation of the C3 Convertases (Decay acceleration activity) • Cofactor to Factor I- mediated proteolytic conversion of C3b to inactive C3b (i C3b). - Deficiency of Factor H  Uncontrolled alternative pathway activation with secondary depletion of C3, Factor B and properdin.

  11. Factor H and Renal Disease • Factor H gene mutation is associated with MPGN type II and atypical HUS. • Mutations located in the C terminal  aHUS. Rarely result in low complement or low Factor H plasma levels. • Mutations located in the N- terminal (complement regulatory domains) or complete factor H deficiency  MPGN 2. - Caprioli et al. The molecular basis of familial hemolytic uremic syndrome: mutation analysis of factor H gene reveals a hot spot in short consensus repeat 20. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12:297-307 - Licht C., et al. Deletion of Lys224 in regulatory domain 4 of Factor H reveals a novel pathomechanism for dense deposit disease (MPGN II). Kidney Int. 2006;70:42–50)

  12. MPGN type II (Dense Deposit Disease) • MPGN II: intramembranous electron-dense material along the GBM • Positive staining for C3, C5 & C9. • Cleavage fragments of C3b such as C3c and C3dg are found in the plasma of patients with MPGN2. • Complete Factor H deficiency in humans, pigs & mice results in uncontrolled Alternative pathway activation leading to MPGN2. Appel et al. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Type II (Dense Deposit Disease) An update. J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 1392-1404, 2005. doi: 10.1681

  13. MPGN type II (Dense Deposit Disease) • Case Report: Patient with Autoantibody to factor H  MPGN2 Meri S. et al. Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by monoclonal lambda light chains in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. J. Exp. Med. 1992;175:939–950) • Case Report: Mutation of factor H complement regulatory domains  MPGN2 Licht C., et al. Deletion of Lys224 in regulatory domain 4 of Factor H reveals a novel pathomechanism for dense deposit disease (MPGN II). Kidney Int. 2006;70:42–50)

  14. Hogasen et al. Hereditary porcine membranoproliferative glomeulonephritis type II is caused by Factor H deficiency. The American Society for Clinical Investigation.Vol 95, March 1995, 1054-1061 • Hogasen et al studied 13 piglets affected by MPGN type II to investigate the cause of complement activation . • Plasma transfusion resulted in - increase in C3 levels - increase in median and maximum survival ( 82 and 375 d vs 37 and 72 d) - MPGN was less proliferative compared to untreated pigs • Conclusion: The deficient regulatory protein was present in plasma.

  15. Hogasen et al. Hereditary porcine membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II is caused by Factor H deficiency. The American Society for Clinical Investigation.Vol 95, March 1995, 1054-1061 • Fractionation of normal plasma, and administration of single proteins with monitoring of the C inhibitory activity in vivo • Conclusion: Inhibitory activity is confined to one single protein. - 150 kDa - Cofactor to factor I in vitro - NH2-terminal amino acid sequence was homologous with human, murine and rabbit FH

  16. Pickering et al. Uncontrolled C3 activation causes membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in micedeficient in complement factor H. Nature genetics • volume 31 • august 2002 • Pickering et al produced Factor H deficient mice and compared cohorts of Cfh-/-, Cfh+/- and wild-type mice for 8 months • At 8 months: • 23 % mortality in Cfh -/- mice • Cfh -/- mice developed light microscopic features of MPGN II

  17. Light microscopy: the glomerulus of Cfh–/– mice shows hypercellularity, mesangial expansion and thickening of the capillary walls with double contours.

  18. Immunoflurescence microscopy capillary wall and mesangial deposition of C3 and C9 occurs in Cfh–/– mice. No deposition of C3 or C9 is seen in wild-type mice.

  19. Glomerular C3 deposition preceded the appearance of GBM dense deposit which preceded the histological light microscopic appearance of MPGN. • MPGN II was totally dependent on C 3 activation. • Generation of mice deficient in factors H and factor B prevented C3 activation and prevented the development of MPGN

  20. Capillary wall deposition of C3 can be seen in Cfh–/–Bf+/– mice but is absent in Cfh–/–Bf–/– littermates. Age-matched healthy Cfh–/– mice show capillary wall deposition of C3 and C9. Before the developmentof MPGN, no IgG deposition is evident in the kidneys of Cfh–/– mice.

  21. Pickering et al. Prevention of C5 activation ameliorates spontaneous and experimental glomerulonephritis in factor H-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 June 20; 103(25): 9649–9654. • In another study, Pickering et al. prevented C5 activation by crossing factor H- deficient mice with C 5 deficient animals. • No prevention in the development of the GBM deposits. • Reduction in glomerular cellularity, serum creatinine levels and mortality.

  22. Reduction in glomerular cellularity, serum creatinine levels and mortality in Cfh-/- C5-/- mice.

  23. Uncontrolled activation of C3 in plasma is essential for the development of MPGN II • Factor H deficiency • IgG autosomal Ab (C3NeF): binds to and stabilizes the Alternative Pathway C3 Convertase  enhanced Alternative Pathway activation. • Inherited dysfunctional C3 molecules: C3 convertase are resistant to inhibiton by factor H  Enhanced AP activation. - Linshaw M.A., et al. Hypocomplementemic glomerulonephritis in an infant and mother. Evidence for an abnormal form of C3. Am. J. Nephrol. 1987;7:470–477 - Schena FP et al. Biological significance of the C3 Nephritic factor in membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis. Clin Nephrol 1982; 18:240-6

  24. Alternative Pathway C3(H2O) H2O + C3 + f B LPS C3NeF Stabilized, C3 Convertase. Auto-antibody attaches to convertase C3(H2O)Bb (C3 Convertase) C3(H2O)B f D C3a H C3b + f B C3bB IgG-C3bB- Properdin MCP CD46 CR1 H H f D IgG-C3b- Properdin f B + Amplification Loop Factor I i C3b + C3f Factor I C3dg + C3c n C3b IgG-C3bBb-Properdin (C3 Convertase) H H n C3

  25. Factor I • 88 k-Da serine protease • Function: inactivation of C3b • Inactivation of C3b in 2 steps: • Step 1: Factor I cleaves the α-chain of C3b at 2 sites, releasing C3f and forming i C3b. Cofactors: Factor H, MCP, CD 46, CR1. - Step 2: Factor I further cleaves iC3b to produce C3dg & C3c.

  26. Appel et al. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Type II (Dense Deposit Disease) An update. J Am Soc Nephrol 16: 1392-1404, 2005. doi: 10.1681

  27. Factor I inhibits C3b  inhibits the C3 convertase of the alternative pathway  limits the alternative pathway amplification. • Factor I deficiency: Uncontrolled AP activation • Depletion of C3, Factor B & Properdin • High C3b • Reduction of Factor H levels (due to formation of factor H- C3b complexes) NEVER ASSOCIATED WITH MPGN 2 !

  28. Study Purpose • MPGN2 has never been reported in individuals with Factor I deficiency • To determine why uncontrolled C3 activation in the context of factor I deficiency does not result in MPGN II.

  29. Cf i -/- mice were produced (disrupted the gene encoding factor I, by deleting exon 4 of the Cfi gene with a gene-targeting replacement vector).

  30. C3 level Cfi -/- : Low Cfi +/ - : normal Cfi +/+ : normal Factor H level Cfi -/- : Low Cfi +/ - : normal Cfi +/+ : normal Factor B level Cfi -/- : Low Cfi +/ - : normal Cfi +/+ : normal ResultsComplement analysis

  31. Complement analysis in Cfi-/- mice Plasma C3, factor H and factor B levels in Cfi deficient, Cfi+/–, and wild-type mice. Horizontal bars denote median values.

  32. Western blot to determine the nature of plasma C3: C3 α chain 115 kDa C3b α’ chain 110 kDa ß chain 55-60 kDa • Cfi -/- : HMW bands ( aggregates of C3b) present C3c not detectable • Cfi +/+: HMW bands ( aggregates of C3b) absent C3c Detectable

  33. Western blot from wild-type and Cfi–/– mice: (D) α′-chain(C3b) derived from Cfi–/– plasma ran at approximately 110 kDa. α-chain(C3) derived from wild-type plasma 115 kDa (E) C3c was detectable only in plasma derived from wild-type mice, as evident by the presence of 130-kDa bands .

  34. MPGN2 development • Monitored cohorts of wild type, Cfi+/- and Cfi-/- mice over an 8 month period at which time all were sacrificied and renal function and histology assessed. • No difference in plasma urea levels or albuminuria • No difference in glomerular hypercellularity. No capillary wall double contour. • More mesangial expansion and deposition of nodular hyaline material.

  35. Light microscopic appearances of mesangial hyalinosis in 8-month-old Cfi–/– mice. PAS-stained glomerular sections from 8-month-old wild-type (A) and Cfi–/– mice (B and C). The glomerulus from the wild-type mouse had normal appearances. In contrast, areas of mesangial expansion with a nodular hyaline appearance were evident in the Cfi–/– mice (arrows). Original magnification, ×40 (B); ×100(A and C).

  36. Glomerular C3 staining in Cfi-/- mice : • Increased glomerular C3 staining in Cfi-/- mice but MESANGIAL in distribution. • Linear capillary wall staining pattern in age matched Cfh-/- animals. • Glomerular Ig G staining did not differ between Cfi-/- and wild type mice.

  37. Glomerular C3 staining in 8-month-old Cfi–/– mice. (A) Increased glomerular C3 staining in Cfi–/– mice, with mesangial in distribution. (B) linear capillary wall staining pattern in Cfh–/– mice.(C) Glomerular C3 staining in Cfi+/– mice is identical to the wild-type animals (D). (E) Quantification of the glomerular C3 staining confirmed significantly increased glomerular C3 in the Cfi deficient mice

  38. Cfi-/- mice developed increased mesangial C3 staining but not deposition of C3 along GBM • Factor I is an absolute requirement for GBM C3 deposition and the development of MPGN II in Cfh-/- mice • Glomerular staining patterns in Cfi-/- mice with either heterozygous or homozygous factor H deficiency

  39. Glomerular C3 staining in Cfi–/– mice with normal (Cfh+/+), heterozygous (Cfh+/–), and homozygous (Cfh–/–) factor H genotypes. A mesangial staining pattern was evident in the glomeruli of the Cfi–/– mice regardless of factor H genotype.

  40. Factor I deficiency prevented accumulation of C3 along the GBM in Cfh-/- mice. • Light Microscopy: No evidence of MPGN2 in 8 month old Cfh-/- Cfi-/- mice.

  41. Factor H deficient mice (cfh -/-) - Florid C3 deposition along GBM/ MPGN2 occurred • Factor I deficient mice (cfi -/-) Uncontrolled AP - Did not develop C3 deposition /MPGN2 • Factor H & Factor I deficient (cfh -/-, cfi -/-) Uncontrolled AP - Did not develop C3 deposition/MPGN2

  42. Plasma C3 (B) and factor B (C) levels in Cfi–/– mice with heterozygous and homozygous factor H deficiency. C3 level is lowest in Cfh-/- mice. Factor B level is equally low in all types.

  43. Plasma analysis: (cfi -/-): C3b (cfh -/-) : C3b cleavage products (cfi -/- , cfh -/-): C3b • Addition of Factor I: (cfi-/-),(cfi-/-,cfh-/-) + Factor I  C3b fragments in plasma. • Plasma analysis

  44. Western blot for C3 from Cfi–/– and Cfi–/–Cfh–/– mice under reducing conditions show α′-chain and HMW bands. Fragments were only present in the Cfh–/– EDTA plasma . Sera from Cfi–/– and Cfi–/–Cfh–/– mice before and after incubation with murine sera deficient in C3 (as a source of autologous factors I and H) show complete cleavage of the α′-chain with the concomitant appearance of the α′-chain fragment

  45. Under nonreducing conditions C3c was detectable in EDTA plasma from Cfh–/– and wild-type mice, but not from Cfi–/– mice.

  46. Following injections of sera from Cfh–/–C3–/– mice (used as a source of autologous factor I) to mice with combined deficiency of factor H and factor I. plasma C3 levels fell rapidly to levels comparable with those seen in mice with factor H deficiency alone

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