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Introduction. GERD is common pathological condition Induced by retrograde flow of GI contens in the oesophagus, mouth and airwaysSignificant negative effect on the quality of live. Epidemiology of GERD. Highly prevalent in Western countriesRelatively low developing country from Africa or Asia7% of the individulas in US experinece heartburn daily14% have heartburn once a weekApproximately 20
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1. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS OF GERD Doc. dr med. sc. Zoran Mavija
Klinika za unutranje bolesti
Odjeljenje gastroenterologije i hepatologije
KC Banja Luka
3. Epidemiology of GERD Highly prevalent in Western countries
Relatively low developing country from Africa or Asia
7% of the individulas in US experinece heartburn daily
14% have heartburn once a week
Approximately 2040% of the adult population suffer from heartburn, the principal symptom of GERD
In the new millenium the disease is becoming progressively more commom
4. Author: Bardhan KD
Topic: Duodenal ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease today: long-term therapy-a sideways glance
Source: Yale J Biol Med; 69: 211-224 1996
It is common experience that reflux disease is seen more frequently. The figure shows the number of new patients seen in the Rotherham center each year from 1976 to 1994 with GERD (erosive and non-erosive disease), duodenal and gastric ulcer. The rising numbers of patients with GERD is striking. As this was not a formal epidemiological study, conclusions on changing prevalence have to be tentative and limited. The annual number of endoscopies since 1980 has not changed, so the rise cannot be entirely explained by increasing use of diagnostic methods. Greater awareness of GERD, particularly of non-erosive disease, presumably contributes. However, it is difficult to avoid the possibility that at least a part of the rising numbers results from a true increase in prevalence.Author: Bardhan KD
Topic: Duodenal ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease today: long-term therapy-a sideways glance
Source: Yale J Biol Med; 69: 211-224 1996
It is common experience that reflux disease is seen more frequently. The figure shows the number of new patients seen in the Rotherham center each year from 1976 to 1994 with GERD (erosive and non-erosive disease), duodenal and gastric ulcer. The rising numbers of patients with GERD is striking. As this was not a formal epidemiological study, conclusions on changing prevalence have to be tentative and limited. The annual number of endoscopies since 1980 has not changed, so the rise cannot be entirely explained by increasing use of diagnostic methods. Greater awareness of GERD, particularly of non-erosive disease, presumably contributes. However, it is difficult to avoid the possibility that at least a part of the rising numbers results from a true increase in prevalence.
5. Definition Sve osobe izloene riziku nastanka organskih promjena (otecenja) jednjaka zbog refluksa elucanog sadraja i/ili osobe koje osjecaju da im je zbog refluksnih simptoma bitno poremecena kvaliteta ivljenja (quality of life), nakon to je objektivno ocijenjeno da se radi o benignoj prirodi tegoba
Dent et al; 1999 Genval statement
Sve osobe izloene riziku nastanka organskih promjena (otecenja) jednjaka zbog refluksa elucanog sadraja i/ili osobe koje osjecaju da im je zbog refluksnih simptoma bitno poremecena kvaliteta ivljenja (quality of life), nakon to je objektivno ocijenjeno da se radi o benignoj prirodi tegoba
Dent et al; 1999 Genval statement
6. Pathophysilogy
7. Pathophysiology Disfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Transient LES relaxations (TLESR)
Cholinergic hypothesis
Nitric oxide - induces TLESRs
8. Pathophysiology
Gastric acid
Pepsin
Bile salts, lecithin
Pancreatic enzymes
9. Patofiziologija ezofagitisa na razini tkiva - agresivni cinioci otecuju sluznicu i prirodne barijere...Patofiziologija ezofagitisa na razini tkiva - agresivni cinioci otecuju sluznicu i prirodne barijere...
10. Pathophysiology Hiatus hernia
Helicobacter pylori (negative association)
Intraabdominal pressure
Habit (smoking, drinking alcohol, coffee, life habits, etc.)
Medicines (NSAIDs, theophyline, calcium chanell blockers, alendronate)
Stress
11. Diagnosis History
Upper GI endoscopy
Barium esophagogram
24- hours esophageal pH monitoring
Esophageal manometry
Perfusyng the esophagus with 0,1 N HCl
Radionuclide imaging
EUS (endosonography)
12. SYMPTOMS TYPICAL SYMPTOMS
Heartburn (pyrosis)
Regurgitation
ALARM SYMPTOMS
Dysphagia
GI hammorrhage
Iron deficiency anemia
Nausea and/or vomiting
Weight loss
Family history of cancer
13. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GERD - CURRENT STATUS
14. Vie od 60% oboljenih ima NERD, ikap ostatak ima endoksopski razvijenu sliku ili vec i komplikacijeVie od 60% oboljenih ima NERD, ikap ostatak ima endoksopski razvijenu sliku ili vec i komplikacije
15. Endoscopy Gold standard
Best tool
Best method for detection of complications
Multiple biopsies
The first approach in patients over 40 years with alarm symptoms
16. Savary- Miller classification of GERD Grade I: Erosive esophagitis with a non-circumferential solitary ulcerla
Grade II: Erosive esophagitis with multiple and confluent non-circumferential ulcers
Grade III: Erosive esophagitis with confluent and circumferential ulcers
Grade IV: Barretts esophagus
17. L.A. (Los Angeles ) criteria for endoscopic assessment of GERD Lundell et al, 1999
6. The LA Classification system for the endoscopic assessment of reflux esophagitis
Under the LA Classification system, endoscopically visible esophagitis is classified as follows:5
Grade A one (or more) mucosal break, no longer than 5 mm, that does not extend between the tops of two mucosal folds
Grade B one (or more) mucosal break, more than 5 mm long, that does not extend between the tops of two mucosal folds
Grade C one (or more) mucosal break that is continuous between the tops of two or more mucosal folds, but which involves less than 75% of the circumference
Grade D one (or more) mucosal break that involves at least 75% of the esophageal circumference.
Lundell et al, 1999
6. The LA Classification system for the endoscopic assessment of reflux esophagitis
Under the LA Classification system, endoscopically visible esophagitis is classified as follows:5
Grade A one (or more) mucosal break, no longer than 5 mm, that does not extend between the tops of two mucosal folds
Grade B one (or more) mucosal break, more than 5 mm long, that does not extend between the tops of two mucosal folds
Grade C one (or more) mucosal break that is continuous between the tops of two or more mucosal folds, but which involves less than 75% of the circumference
Grade D one (or more) mucosal break that involves at least 75% of the esophageal circumference.
18. Lundell et al 1999, published with permission from professor G Tytgat and professor J. DentLundell et al 1999, published with permission from professor G Tytgat and professor J. Dent
19. Lundell et al 1999, published with permission from professor G Tytgat and professor J. Dent
Lundell et al 1999, published with permission from professor G Tytgat and professor J. Dent
22. Grade of GERD El-Serag & Johanson 2002
11. LA Grade B is the most prevalent grade of esophagitis
The majority of patients with GERD with esophagitis have mild erosions that are graded as A or B according to the LA Classification system. In this study, in which 6709 patients with esophagitis were screened for entry into acid-suppressive clinical trials, LA Grade A esophagitis was present in 34% of patients, LA Grade B in 39%, LA Grade C in 20% and LA Grade D in 7%.9
El-Serag & Johanson 2002
11. LA Grade B is the most prevalent grade of esophagitis
The majority of patients with GERD with esophagitis have mild erosions that are graded as A or B according to the LA Classification system. In this study, in which 6709 patients with esophagitis were screened for entry into acid-suppressive clinical trials, LA Grade A esophagitis was present in 34% of patients, LA Grade B in 39%, LA Grade C in 20% and LA Grade D in 7%.9
23. Endoscopy-new imaging techniques
Narrow-Band Imaging (NBI):This works on the principle that since the penetration depth of light depends on its wavelength, by using a narrow band filter in the endoscopic system, superficial tissue can be visualized better using blue light, which has a shorter wavelength
Video autofluorescence imaging (AFI).
Magnification endoscopy
Chromoscopy in endoscopy (2,5 %Lugol)
Capsule endoscopy
24. Endoscopic images of the same area within a) Barretts esophagus using high-resolution endoscopy with optical zoom b) Narrow-band imaging. c) Chromoscopy with indigo carmine. d) Application of acetic acid.
25. An example of Barretts esophagus imaged with light-induced fluorescence endoscopy. Left: the image obtained with the systems white-light mode, showing no visible abnormalities. Right: The LIFE image of the same area, with a visible discoloration corresponding to early cancer.
28. Esophageal pH recording
Indications
Confirm diagnosis of gastro-esophageal reflux disease in endoscopy negative patients
Atypical and extra-esophageal manifestations of gastro-esophageal reflux disease
Selection of patients undergoing antireflux surgery
Evolution of antireflux treatment failure
29. 24 h esophageal pH monitoring
30. pH monitoring Wireless pH metry for 48 hours
Multi-chanell intraluminal impedance (MII) testin to measure non-acid refluks
31. Esophageal manometry Measurement of LES pressure
Esophageal peristaltic amplitude
Can help to detect systemic disease
Prior to antireflux surgery
32. Esophageal manometry
33. Conclusion
GERD is becoming one of the leading disease of the upper GI tract with a global distribution
Motor/mechanical abnormalities are mostly responsible for exposing the delicate esophageal mucosa to irritant gastroenteric contens.
The Los Angeles (LA) system is increasingly used for grading erosive damage
34. Thank you for your attention