Product and engine integrated

1. Product and engine integrated The engine constitutes the major part of a handheld product. Thus, significant changes in emissions legislation will in most cases result in development of an entirely new product. The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute 341 South Patrick Street • Alexandria, VA 22314 • 703-549-7600 • 703-549-7604 FAX • www.opei.org

2. Catalyst equipped chainsaw Developed for Nordic winter conditions Sold in Europe only High HC conversion High exhaust temperature Does not meet USFS heat requirements Heavy - adds 0.65 lb High cost - $30 cost increase Problems Heat and muffler temperature very high due to the high HC conversion Heat/Temperature control very difficult Exhaust system surfaces Exhaust gas Surrounding components Safety issues not satisfactory for all climatic conditions [Husqvarna ultimately pulled the product from the market] 1990 - 42cc Catalyst Equipped Chainsaw (Europe) The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute 341 South Patrick Street • Alexandria, VA 22314 • 703-549-7600 • 703-549-7604 FAX • www.opei.org

3. Low Conversion Catalyst Approximately 10 gram weight increase - Demonstrates the importance of low weight Special baffle plate (stainless steel) with catalytic coating Line Trimmer Spark Screen Chainsaw High Conversion Catalyst The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute 341 South Patrick Street • Alexandria, VA 22314 • 703-549-7600 • 703-549-7604 FAX • www.opei.org

4. Catalyst Issues • Heat generation and gas/surface temperaturesdifficult but important to control • Due to heatissues, HC conversion rates must be reduced with increased displacement and power • Restricted oxygen content in the exhaust (phase 1 type engines) means a built-in limitation of the HC conversion • Restricts heat and temperature • Potentially higher CO levels • Higher oxygen content in the exhaust (phase 2 type engines), e.g. due to redesigned scavenging systems or secondary air supply • Higher, more unpredictable HC and CO conversion • Risk for highergas and surface temperatures The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute 341 South Patrick Street • Alexandria, VA 22314 • 703-549-7600 • 703-549-7604 FAX • www.opei.org

5. Catalyst issues • Heat effect on surrounding components • User contact with hot surfaces • Exhaust system legislation, such as USFS • Performance issues associated with heat transfer into the engine and carburetor from a higher muffler temperature – hot soak issues. • Climatic and usage conditions The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute 341 South Patrick Street • Alexandria, VA 22314 • 703-549-7600 • 703-549-7604 FAX • www.opei.org

6. Catalyst Heat35 cc engine, scav. loss 12%, A/F 11 Additional Exhaust Temperature as function of Catalyst HC conversion 350 300 250 200 Temperature increase [F] 150 100 50 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 % HC Conversion The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute 341 South Patrick Street • Alexandria, VA 22314 • 703-549-7600 • 703-549-7604 FAX • www.opei.org

7. Handheld Product Lessons for Non-Handheld Products • The much larger non-handheld engines already generate greater overall heat and greater heat density compared to smaller handheld engines. • Dramatically larger and hotter catalysts would be required to convert the greater mass of HC and NOx emitted from larger non-handheld engines. • Handheld engines, due to their low CO levels, did not have the extra heat generation resulting from the conversion of CO • The larger the displacement and higher the horsepower, the lower the catalyst conversion rate must be to prevent excessive temperature issues. The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute 341 South Patrick Street • Alexandria, VA 22314 • 703-549-7600 • 703-549-7604 FAX • www.opei.org

8. Handheld Product Lessons for Non-Handheld Products • With the difficulties in adapting catalytic technology to a fully integrated product such as chainsaws or line trimmers, non-integrated adaptation will be even more difficult • Engine and equipment manufacturer typically not the same • In many wheeled applications, heat mitigation strategies implemented by integrated handheld manufacturers will not be available (ex., redirecting cooling air from around engine into exhaust system). • Engine fitted in a narrow engine compartment close to surrounding surfaces and functions The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute 341 South Patrick Street • Alexandria, VA 22314 • 703-549-7600 • 703-549-7604 FAX • www.opei.org

9. Handheld Product Lessons for Non-Handheld Products • Routine maintenance no longer routine! • Failure by the operator to perform maintenance as instructed in the Owner’s/Operator’s Manual can overwork the catalyst. Surrounding components (i.e., fuel tank, etc.) exposed to excessive heat. • Significantly greater efforts are required in design and integration to assure product safety. The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute 341 South Patrick Street • Alexandria, VA 22314 • 703-549-7600 • 703-549-7604 FAX • www.opei.org

10. Handheld Product Lessons for Non-Handheld Products • With engine displacements from 16cc – 120cc, handheld products have realized that product must be developed with catalyst in mind from the beginning of the design process. • It is not a drop-in technology. The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute 341 South Patrick Street • Alexandria, VA 22314 • 703-549-7600 • 703-549-7604 FAX • www.opei.org